Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum; 苦荞麦) is an important pseudocereal crop that is strongly adapted to growth in adverse environments. Its gluten-free (无麸质) grain contains complete proteins with a well-balanced (均衡的) composition of essential amino acids, and is a rich source of beneficial phytochemicals (植物化学物质) that provide significant health benefits. Here we report a high-quality, chromosome-scale Tartary buckwheat genome sequence of 489.3 Mb that is assembled by combining whole genome shotgun sequencing of both Illumina short reads and single-molecule real time long reads, sequence tags of a large DNA insert fosmid library, Hi-C sequencing data and BioNano genome maps. We annotated 33 366 high confidence protein-coding genes based on expression evidence. Comparisons of the intra-genome with the sugar beet (甜菜) genome revealed an independent whole genome duplication that occurred in the buckwheat lineage after they have diverged from the common ancestor, which was not shared with rosids or asterids. The reference genome facilitated the identification of many new genes predicted to be involved in rutin (芦丁) biosynthesis and regulation, aluminum (铝) stress resistance, and in drought and cold stress responses. Our data suggests that Tartary buckwheat's ability to tolerate high levels of abiotic stress is attributed to (归因于) the expansion of several gene families involved in signal transduction, gene regulation, and membrane transport. The availability of these genomic resources will facilitate the discovery of agronomically and nutritionally important genes and genetic improvement of Tartary buckwheat.

研究方向：作物种质资源。