| 目的 | 介绍性句型 | 范文 |
| stating information that is not “common knowledge” | | |
| drawing conclusions, making inferences, or suggesting implications based on specific data | suggests as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by based on can be seen/ observed when as seen in which is made apparent when is demonstrated by/ through/ when hinges on
| The strong negative correlation suggests that . . . As evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by their enlarged adrenal glands, patients with . . . Based on self-reported survey results . . . This phenomenon can be seen/ observed when wind speeds exceed . . . As seen in the high recurrence rates of . . . The causal link between A and B, which is made apparent when B triggers . . . The efficacy of chocolate as a cure for unhappiness is demonstrated by survey results highlighted in . . . This conclusion hinges on . . .
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| clarifying a prior statement | for example for instance by way of illustration as an example to clarify to explain further namely to be specific that is, in other words,
| This occurrence is rare. For example, only one in twenty . . . It is unlikely that current population growth rates are sustainable. For instance, several major coastal cities are already suffering from . . . By way of illustration, less than 20% of new matriculants feel prepared for . . . As an example, when a country faces economic recession, polls indicate that over 80% of the population supports . . . To clarify, not all government-funded facilities provide . . . To explain further, large doses of Agent O can trigger . . . Millennials prefer flexible work conditions, namely the ability to work remotely. To be specific, bull markets can . . . That is, significant and sudden drops in temperature can . . . In other words, short bursts of high-intensity ultrasound can . . .
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| identifying representative examples of a category | for example/ instance such as* e.g. one/ another example like* excluding including an example being
*NOTE: “such as” and “like” have two different uses. “Such as” introduces a specific example that is part of a category. “Like” suggests the listed items are similar to, but not included in, the topic discussed. | Typhoons are considered acts of God, for example/ instance. The island is home to many native carnivorous plants, such as Venus flytraps. The only known bioluminescent vertebrates are fish (e.g. the anglerfish and lantern fish). One/ another example of this exception is . . . I prefer outdoor sports like mountain climbing because they allow me to enjoy nature while exercising. All mammals, excluding humans, stop drinking milk at a young age. All stars, including our sun, . . . Hawks feast on rodents, an example being . . .
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| distinguishing concepts | in a similar case unlike the case of in the same way as a case in point in a typical situation in a normal scenario
| In a similar case, a male patient with arthritis . . . Unlike a single-blind study, a double-blind study reduces the risk of observer bias. Redundancy and wordiness can be reduced in the same way: through careful editing. As a case in point, let’s look at the situation in which . . . In a typical situation, marsupials would . . . In a normal scenario, cortisol suppressant effects . . .
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| emphasizing a point by highlighting a specific situation | for example indeed in fact notably markedly as a case in point
| Nocturnal marsupials, for example, have . . . Indeed, since the World Health Organization declared an end to the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . . . Ice-free habitats around Antarctica, in fact, have . . . High carbon steel alloys, notably, undergo a transformation when . . . Markedly, the deserts irregular rainfall levels have . . . As a case in point, the last known male northern white rhinoceros . . .
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