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国内外科研动态 2月14日

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2014年02月13日《自然》杂志精选
2014-02-13 www.bio360.net 来源:生物360 作者:koo 289 0

2014年02月13日《自然》杂志精选

封面故事:原子线路中的滞后现象

Hysteresis in a quantized superfluid 'atomtronic' circuit

本期封面所示为一个量子化的超流体“原子线路”(atomtronic circuit)中的滞后现象,是根据一个处于束缚状态的环形“玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态” (BEC)的图像做出的图示。滞后现象是指一个系统的物理性质强烈依赖于所施加扰动的历史,在包括硬盘驱动器和磁通门磁力计等在内的电子线路中被广泛利用,并且是射频SQUIDs(“超导量子干涉装置”的英文首字母缩写)发挥功能所必需的。滞后现象也是“超流体性”的基础,曾被预测会出现在超流体原子气体如BEC中。现在,Gretchen Campbell及同事报告了对由被一个转动的弱连结(weak link)阻隔的一个超流体BEC环形成的一个线路中的量子化循环状态之间的滞后现象所做的首次直接探测。这一系统中滞后现象的存在对新兴的“原子技术”(atomtronics)领域有重要意义(在该领域中,超冷原子所扮演的角色与电子在电子技术中所扮演的角色相似)。原子线路中的受控滞后现象对于实用设备的研发来说可能会被证明是一个极为重要的特性。封面:Emily Edwards。(doi: 10.1038/nature12958 & doi: 10.1038/506166a

精神分裂症的致病机制

De novo mutations in schizophrenia implicate synaptic networks

A polygenic burden of rare disruptive mutations in schizophrenia

本期Nature 发表了对精神分裂症患者及其亲属所做的两项重要外显子组(基因组的蛋白编码部分)测序研究。这两项研究一起为了解在精神分裂症中破坏谷氨酸能突触的特定致病机制提供了可靠线索。影响支架蛋白ARC(“活性调控的与细胞骨架相关的蛋白”)功能的突变在其中的参与尤为明显,“脆弱X智力迟钝蛋白” (FMRP)的目标中所发生的突变也是这样。FMRP的缺陷以前曾被发现与“泛自闭症”有关。(doi: 10.1038/nature12929 & doi: 10.1038/nature12975)详细报道 Nature:精神分裂症背后的基因突变

使阿片类药物具有双重作用

Molecular control of δ-opioid receptor signalling

阿片类药物受体在包括“痛觉缺失”、意识、运动控制和情绪在内的很多生理过程中介导内源性和外源性阿片类药物的作用。这篇论文以1.8 Å的分辨率报告了人的-阿片受体的X-射线晶体结构,它显示存在似乎介导这一“G-蛋白耦合受体”的变构控制的一个钠离子。定点诱变和功能研究表明,将该“变构钠点”(allosteric sodium site)中的关键氨基酸诱变成为丙氨酸,会将拮抗药物“纳曲吲哚”变成一种强效的“-arrestin-biased促效药物。另外也比较明显的是一个“变构钠结合袋”,它可能有助于亚型选择性另-阿片受体促效药物和拮抗药物的研发——正构配体向这个“袋”内的延伸可能会生成具有更有利药理特性的“bitopic”正构/变构化合物。(doi: 10.1038/nature12944)详细报道 Nature:解开40年阿片受体信号调控之谜

iPS细胞的快速高效生成

C/EBPα poises B cells for rapid reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells

Thomas Graf及同事所做的一项新的研究,描述了在Yamanaka ‘OSKM’重新编程因子的过度表达之后C/EBP/ (转录因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白--)的一个脉冲怎样导致B-细胞前体被快速地、非常高效地重新编程为“诱导多能干”(iPS)细胞。作者发现,C/EBP/使染色质更易接近,通过一个涉及Tet2酶的活化的机制加快多能性基因的表达。关于B-细胞被高效、快速重新编程为iPS细胞的这一发现,为重新编程过程的研究提供了一个模型,同时也可能会具有临床意义。(doi: 10.1038/nature12885)详细报道 Nature:科学家将iPS细胞重编程的时间缩短至4天

Notch信号通道在白血病中所起作用

Leukaemogenesis induced by an activating β-catenin mutation in osteoblasts

肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发生有深远影响,而基质细胞的基因改变会帮助癌症形成。Stavroula Kousteni及同事在一个小鼠模型中发现,激发成骨细胞中的及-catenin发生突变,足以引发“急性髓性白血病”(AML)的发病。这些突变触发会激活造血细胞中的Notch信号通道的配体从成骨细胞中释放;Notch通道的抑制会改善病情。关于在骨髓增生病患者和AML患者中患-catenin信号作用增强的发现表明,一个类似的机制可能会促使人患白血病。(doi:10.1038/nature12883

古基因组揭示印第安人的真正祖先

The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

Clovis complex是在北美广泛分布的一个考古文化。该文化可以追溯到距今大约13,000年前,以特色石器为特征,其中包括被称为Clovis point的一种“矛刃”。到底是谁制作了这些工具一直是一个存在很多猜测的话题,猜测的依据是极少量可以获得的信息。现在,随着一个古代北美人的第一个基因组序列的发表,还将会有更多的猜测。该基因组是一个男婴(Anzick-1)的基因组,这个男婴来自美国蒙大拿州Anzick考古点的 Clovis人埋葬地。所发现的残骸为部分骨架,埋葬于距今大约12,600年前,是与大量喷涂成黄褐色的石器一起发现的。它的基因组来自当代印第安人的一个祖先族群,与所有美洲土著族群的关系比与任何其他族群的关系都要更近。这些发现否认了认为Clovis人来自欧洲的假说,与在 Clovis人之前数千年美洲就已有人类定居的事实相符,同时也说明当代印第安人是成功在美洲定居的第一批人的后代。(doi: 10.1038/nature13025 & doi: 10.1038/506162a

亚马逊森林旱季“变绿”实为光造成的假象

Amazon forests maintain consistent canopy structure and greenness during the dry season

最近来自亚马逊的遥感数据显示,旱季植被会变绿,这说明森林生产力的主要限制因素是光而不是水。现在,Douglas Morton及同事对该证据重新进行了分析,发现“变绿”事实上是观察方法在光学上产生的一个假象,是由卫星观察的相对方位角在六月份的夏至和九月份的秋分之间的变化造成的。纠正这一偏差会将“变绿”现象消除,从而为证明亚马逊森林植物生产力的主要驱动因素是水分供应而非光的其他研究进一步提供了支持。(doi:10.1038/nature13006 & doi: 10.1038/nature13052

海洋保护的五个步骤

Global conservation outcomes depend on marine protected areas with five key features

海洋保护区是海洋保护策略的一个重要的、不断扩大的构成部分,但它们的有效性却各不相同,而且存在很多争议。本文作者对来自全球一些捕捞区域和87个海洋保护区的数据进行了整合,发现一个保护区的有效性取决于五个关键问题:所允许的捕捞量有多大、相关规定的执行程度、保护措施实行了多长时间、保护区的面积和保护区的隔离程度。只有当这五个条件全部满足时,保护工作才有保障。(doi: 10.1038/nature13022 & doi:10.1038/nature13053

对宇宙“再电离”理论的一个修正

The observable signature of late heating of the Universe during cosmic reionization

“再电离”时期是“黑暗时代”宇宙的中性气体变成电离的等离子体的时期。模拟表明,原子氢的21-cm光谱跃变将会在标志着“再电离”的中心舞台的红移和尺度上显示一个清楚的波动峰。这一预测是基于以下假设:宇宙气体的加热(发生在“再电离”之前)是由恒星残体(尤其是X-射线双星)造成的,会达到远高于当时的宇宙微波背景的温度(30 开)。然而,Rennan Barkana及同事则报告说,X-射线双星(高能光子的数量多于低能光子)的硬光谱使得这种加热效果不好,导致延迟的、在空间上均匀的加热。在这一新模型中,“再电离”的21-cm特征被修正成具有一个明显最低温度(低于1开)的一个更复杂的信号,它标志着宇宙平均气体温度升至高于微波背景的程度。(doi: 10.1038/nature12999 & doi: 10.1038/nature13051


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