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斯坦福大学质疑碳捕获
诸平
据美国斯坦福大学(Stanford University)Taylor Kubota 2019年10月25日通过物理学家组织网(Phys.org)提供的消息,我们通常提出的降低大气中二氧化碳水平和降低气候变化风险的方法是从空气中捕获碳或阻止碳进入到大气中去。然而,斯坦福大学的马克·雅各布森(Mark Z. Jacobson)2019年10月21日在《能源与环境科学》(Energy & Environmental Science)杂志上发表的研究表明,碳捕获技术弊大于利,得不偿失。详见Mark Z. Jacobson. The Health and Climate Impacts of Carbon Capture and Direct Air Capture, Energy & Environmental Science (2019). DOI: 10.1039/C9EE02709B
土木与环境工程教授马克·雅各布森(Mark Z. Jacobson)说:“所有的设想都是基于这样的假设,即碳捕获实际上减少了大量的碳。然而,我们的这项研究发现,它只减少了一小部分的碳排放,而且通常还会增加空气污染。” “从社会成本的角度来看,即使你从捕捉设备上获得了100%的碳捕集,也比用风力发电场取代煤或天然气发电厂更糟糕,因为碳捕集永远不会减少空气污染,而且总是有捕捉设备的成本。风能取代化石燃料总是能减少空气污染,而且永远不会产生捕捉设备的成本。”
马克·雅各布森是斯坦福大学伍兹环境研究所(Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment)的高级研究员,他研究了一家燃煤电厂的碳捕获和一家直接从空气中去除碳的电厂的公开数据。在这两种情况下,运行碳捕获的电力都来自天然气发电。他计算了每种情况下碳捕获过程的净二氧化碳减少量和总成本,包括运行碳捕获设备所需的电力、燃烧和由此产生的上游排放,以及燃煤电厂的上游排放。上游排放包括泄漏和燃烧、开采和运输煤炭或天然气等燃料的排放。
对碳捕获技术的普遍估计——只关注化石燃料工厂本身的能源生产中捕获的碳,而未关注上游排放——认为碳捕获可以回收85%~90%的碳排放。但是,马克·雅各布森计算出了所有与这些可能导致全球变暖的工厂相关的排放,他就把它们转换成等量的二氧化碳,以便将他的数据与标准估计结果进行比较。他发现,在这两种情况下,这些设备在20年的平均排放量中捕获量仅有10%~11%。
马克·雅各布森的研究亦注意到碳捕获的社会成本,包括空气污染,潜在的健康问题、经济成本和整体对气候变化的贡献,得出的结论为,那些总是类似于或高于没有碳捕获的化石燃料工厂,以及要比根本不捕捉空气中二氧化碳的更高。即使捕获设备使用的是可再生电力,马克·雅各布森得出的结论是,从社会成本的角度来看,使用可再生电力代替煤或天然气电力,即什么都不用做,反而总是更好的。根据这一分析,马克·雅各布森认为,最好的解决办法是把重点放在风能或太阳能等可再生能源上,以取代化石燃料。
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Data from a coal with carbon capture and use (CCU) plant and a synthetic direct air carbon capture and use (SDACCU) plant are analyzed for the equipment’s ability, alone, to reduce CO2. In both plants, natural gas turbines power the equipment. A net of only 10.8% of the CCU plant’s CO2-equivalent (CO2e) emissions and 10.5% of the CO2 removed from the air by the SDACCU plant are captured over 20 years, and only 20-31%, are captured over 100 years. The low net capture rates are due to uncaptured combustion emissions from natural gas used to power the equipment, uncaptured upstream emissions, and, in the case of CCU, uncaptured coal combustion emissions. Moreover, the CCU and SDACCU plants both increase air pollution and total social costs relative to no capture. Using wind to power the equipment reduces CO2e relative to using natural gas but still allows air pollution emissions to continue and increases the total social cost relative to no carbon capture. Conversely, using wind to displace coal without capturing carbon reduces CO2e, air pollution, and total social cost substantially. In sum, CCU and SDACCU increase or hold constant air pollution health damage and reduce little carbon before even considering sequestration or use leakages of carbon back to the air. Spending on capture rather than wind replacing either fossil fuels or bioenergy always increases total social cost substantially. No improvement in CCU or SDACCU equipment can change this conclusion while fossil power plant emissions exist, since carbon capture always incurs an equipment cost never incurred by wind, and carbon capture never reduces, instead mostly increases, air pollution and fuel mining, which wind eliminates. Once fossil power plant emissions end, CCU (for industry) and SDACCU social costs need to be evaluated against the social costs of natural reforestation and reducing nonenergy halogen, nitrous oxide, methane, and biomass burning emissions.
Renewables are a better investment than carbon capture for tackling climate change
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