雪后大鹅  越聚越多？

（More and more swans gathering after the snow）

（马鸣 等）

还是要说天鹅，气温骤降，这几天却越聚越多了。

标题“大鹅”是个双关语，你知道的。当然，这里讲的是新疆的越冬天鹅。

不单是越冬种群增加了，很偏北的塔城地区额敏河种群数量达到170只。

额敏河抢了头彩，让英塔木、玛纳斯和库尔勒的“天鹅湖”们风光不再。

过去，塔城的冬季，老风口玛依塔斯四十里风区，零下三四十度（℃）是家常便饭，时常会冻死人（附照片）。

如果，天鹅不愿意迁徙了，滞留在北方，肯定是有问题的。

首先，想到全球气候变化，异常的气温，让天鹅举足无措。

其次，是繁殖环境改善，种群数量增加，适宜的越冬地已经容纳不下了，饱和了，不得已而选择额敏河。这种情况，还不明显（缺乏证据）。

再者，各地的投食和直播热潮，搅动了一潭死水（湖面不结冰了）。

目前，在新疆越冬的天鹅主要有两种，一是疣鼻天鹅（Cygnus olor），有上千只，盘踞在伊犁河流域。二是大天鹅（Cygnus cygnus），南北疆都有越冬种群，有几千只。大部分在塔里木河流域，最北抵额敏河。

下面请欣赏图片，都是各地直播的截屏，感谢韩新林、陈学义、吴立平、海月和牧羊人等。

依赖投食招引大天鹅，塔城地区的额敏河，号称“天鹅湖”，是最偏北的一个越冬地

又一个暖冬，大群的疣鼻天鹅在伊犁河边的英塔木聚集，数量已经达到500-600只

气温下降到摄氏零下二三十度（-20~-30°C），大天鹅依然还在飞，体感温度可能没有那么冷。为了安全和躲避城市灯光，它们可能会在其他地方过夜，白天飞回来觅食

附近的老风口玛依塔斯四十里风区，冬季的大风9-12级，雪墙深达数米

这几天，约 170 只大天鹅在寒冷的冰面上过夜，一旦封冻，后果不堪设想

每日两次投食是 170 只大天鹅在寒冷的额敏河冰面上过夜的基本保障

伊犁河边大群集聚的疣鼻天鹅几乎达到饱和的程度，成为传播禽流感（H7N9、H5N6 et al.）的巨大隐患

（见参考文献）

雪地或冰面上过夜，摄氏零下20-30°C

雪地或冰面上过夜，摄氏零下20-30°C，灯光可能会改变（打乱）天鹅的生物钟

伊犁河边英塔木天鹅泉（陈学义 摄）

不是危言耸听，这里前几年曾经有过禽流感爆发（见参考文献）

中间灰色的疣鼻天鹅是当年出生的亚成体

雪地或冰面上栖息，在摄氏零下20-30°C 熬过寒冬

漫漫冬夜，寒冷刺骨，很遭罪啊

夕阳余晖，看似安逸。但是，家禽与野禽混养，同样存在禽流感传播的巨大隐患。天南海北的游客近距离接触天鹅，也会带入各种疫病病毒，污染野生种群

除了光污染，还有一些天敌，如野狗和狐狸

雾凇（陈学义 摄）

年轻的投食姑娘，每天投放大量的玉米

寒夜漫漫，因为该地区目前正经历与气候和其他因素相关的快速变化

在新疆越冬的天鹅有大天鹅、小天鹅、疣鼻天鹅

参考文献

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冰天雪地彻骨寒，鸿鹄之志天上来