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Functional Behavioral Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Third Edition
Ennio Cipani, PhD
pages 19-34
abolishing operations(AO)
the AO exists once there is a sufficient amount of the functional reinforcer acquired.
relationship between establishing operation,behavior,delivery of reinforcer,and abolishing operation for access fuctions(p.19)
establishing operartion abolishing operation
deprived of food intake of sufficient volume of food
deprived of drink intake of sufficient volume of fluids
ingested salt intake of sufficient volume of fluids
deprived of physical contact sufficient duration of physical contact
deprived of attention sufficient duration of attention
deprived of TV sufficient duration of TV
deprived of stimulation,all varieties sufficient duration of stimulation
smoker deprived of cigarettes sufficient level of nicotine in system
relationship between establishing operation,behavior,delivery of reinforcer,and abolishing operation for escape function(p.20)
establishing operation abolishing operation
presence of difficult task removal or delay of task or removal of that portion of the task that is difficult
person acting in an obnoxious manner. removal or avoidance of specific person or type of interaction
presence of pain reduction or avoidance of pain stimulus
rain on the head. removal or avoidance of rain on head
request to complete a long task removal or avoidance of the request or reduction in the length of the task
occurrence of EPS removal,reduction,or avoidance of the symptoms
allergic rhinitis. removal,reduction,or avoidance of the symptoms
drug withdrawal symptoms. removal,reduction.or avoidance of the symptoms
alcohol withdrawal symptoms removal,reduction,or avoidance of the symptoms
antecedent discrimiative stimuli
establishing operation(motivational condition is great)
abolishing operation(motivational condition is lessened or not existent)
為了得到一塊🍪
why does a child with severe disabilities hit him or herself when in the classroom to get a cookie(打人後得到過自己想要的,打人的行為被強化);but points to a picture of the cookie to get one when with the speech therapist(在這種情境下打人得不到想要的東西)?
people reinforce specific behaviors under specific motivational conditions.
socially mediated functions and discriminative stimuli
you probably can recall many circumstance where someone bahaves differently in two different context,with the same person involved in the provision of the desired reinforcer.
direct contingency functions and discriminative stimuli
changng behavior by altering the EO
the greater the value of the EO,the greater the strength of the behavior,as the value of the EO increases,the frequency(both absolute and relative),duration,and intensity of behavior associated with abolishing that EO will also increase.
decreasing target behaviors by reducing the EO strength
antecedent manipulations for access functions
maintaining reinforcer antecedent manipulation
adult attention increase frequency/duration of attention
tangible. reinforcer(food) increase availability of food throughout the day/time period
tangible reinforcer(free time) increase availability of free time throughout the day/time period
tangible reinforcer(preferred activity) increase availability of preferred activity throughout the day/time period
antecedent manipulations for escape functions
maintaining negative reinforcer antecedent manipulation
removal of unpleasant social situation avoid presenting such events,or reduce the level of aversion by altering some aspect of the situation
removal of relatively lengthy task,chore,or assignmet avoid presenting such task,chores,or assignments,or reduce the level of aversion by alterning the length
of the task
removal of relatively difficult task,chore,or assignment avoid presenting such task,chores,or assignments,or reduce the level of aversion by altering the
difficulty of the taks
removal of physical aversive avoid presenting such aversive stimuli,or reduce the level of aversion by altering some critical aspect of
the stimulus
increasing behavior by enhancing the EO strength
there are two ways to ensure that a reinforcer is at its maximal value,first,you could wait for naturally occurring environmental changes that establish the value of a particular outcome,for example,if you are trying to work on establishing behaviors related to accessing food,you could wait until right before meal times to use food as a reinforcer;second,you could contrive a situation that increases the value of some outcome as a reinforcer,for example, if you are trying to work on establishing behaviors related to accessing fluids,you could provide very salty food to a person prior to and during training,thereby ensuring that the value of fluids remains at a relatively high level.
contrived contingencies produce a function
when the back-up items and events are relatively deprived,behaviors that produce such become more probable
failure to recruit superimposed contingencies,classroom instruction and tasks become an aversive condition,instruction, task assignments,and other learning activities develop aversive stimulus properties,which become EOs for escape and avoidance behaviors,with the reluctance of the teacher to designate some alternate criterion for terminating tasks, undesirable behaviors become strengthened through the selective reinforcement of such.
as is often the case,as one problem gets a new proble develops "critical mass"
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