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拟寄生物(Parasitoid)也称类寄生生物,是指幼虫期寄生宿主体内,后期将宿主杀死,成虫营自由生活的生物(https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/拟寄生物)。拟寄生蜂(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid_wasp)特指膜翅目中一大类昆虫,包含多个总科。这些总科中,物种数量最大的有两个:小蜂总科(Chalcidoidea)和姬蜂总科(Ichneumonoidea)(https://extension.umd.edu/hgic/insects/parasitoid-wasps-hymenoptera)。寄主(卵、幼虫、蛹或成虫)一般为节肢动物,生命周期可以持续到拟寄生蜂羽化之前。这些拟寄生蜂,大部分可以控制农业害虫,从而被视为益虫,并商品化。但也有一些重寄生于有益的拟寄生蜂,从而被认为有害。
最近比较有趣的系列报道,发现拟寄生蜂(Ampulex compressa)可以控制蟑螂的成虫大脑,把寄主变成变成僵尸(https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-a-wasp-turns-cockroaches-into-zombies/)。拟寄生蜂“蜇人”的情况非常罕见,但它们的卵在人体皮肤中未见发育的报道。
我研究组张彦周博士,自硕士生开始就研究跳小蜂科分类至今。2008年前后,开始和武三安教授合作,在国内广泛采集蚧壳虫,饲养拟寄生蜂,开展两者之间的共进化研究工作。我从就读动物研究所博士生开始,开始了姬小蜂亚科的分类学研究。在该亚科中,Cirrospilus和Diglyphus属和潜叶类昆虫有比较好的对应关系(http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/cirrospilus_ingenuus.htm)。因此,通过采集潜叶类昆虫,我们可以采集到较多的拟寄生蜂。英国的A. A. Askew博士在潜叶昆虫饲养拟寄生蜂方面做了大量工作。我研究组中,曹焕喜同学自本科生开始,就长期在北京昌平的王家园苹果园开展此类工作,积累了丰富的经验。期待她能够立足姬小蜂分类,和更多国内外同行合作,推动拟寄生蜂系统学研究。上述工作为开展拟寄生蜂分类学奠定了坚实基础,同时也为研究组拓展到拟寄生蜂相关物种互作工作开了好头。
目前,在中国科学院国际合作重点项目的资助下,部分研究生在BEF-China新岗山样地开展植物-植食性昆虫-拟寄生蜂、植物-传粉者- 拟寄生蜂的物种互作研究(http://www.bef-china.de/index.php/en/projects/63-cat-sp9)。显然,不同季节,这些系统的样品采集会面临不同的困难。除了基于实验室形态和DNA分类学手段,研究生需要更多结合野外实际情况和实验设计,强化对这些系统中不同功能昆虫群生物学的感性认识,才能优化样品采集方案。
下面和研究生分享了一些拟寄生蜂的一些视频(资料均来自网络)。希望这些细致的观察和记录,有助于研究生提高对拟寄生蜂的认识,提高样地工作效率。
Over the past month I have been watching some Braconid: Aphidiinae wasps inserting their eggs (ovipositing) into Aphids. Decided to shoot some video today. These are quite small wasps (+- 3-4mm) with reduced wing venation.
This video by Ryan Perry, a student at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, spoofs the Clint Eastwood movie using Citrus Leaf Miner and one of its parasitoids.
2011年6月15日发布
A parasitic wasp uses a caterpillar's metamorphosis as a breeding location for it's young, so instead of a cabbage white butterfly emerging from the chrysalis, it's a small swarm of wasps. Timelapse and close-up photography reveals the natural lives of the plants and animals that inhabit an English garden.
2014年4月28日发布
This educational video features four hyperparasitoids (Hypopteromalus tabacum, Catolaccus aeneoviridis, Mesochorus americanus, and Isdromas lycaenae) that utilize the braconid Cotesia congregata as a host. It was produced by Justin Bredlau, Jessica Bray, and Megan Ayers, graduate students in Dr. Karen Kester's laboratory at Virginia Commonwealth University.
Aphids have several predators that feed on them. One of those is the parasitic wasp. They lay their eggs on the aphids, and their larvae consume the aphids as they grow. The larvae then spins a cocoon inside the dead aphid, producing what you see in this video.....the aphid mummy.
Mutualistic relationship between ants (Crematogaster sp.) and soft scale Insect (Coccus hesperidium) on a leaf of mandarine orange (Citrus reticulata). Ants guard the soft scale insect against parasitoid (Coccophagus sp.).
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