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为什么要溯源IBM?
IBM是一家很有意思的企业,IBM官方认定的诞生年份是1911年,但实际上,1911年,IBM的前身CRT是由三家公司合并。

因为这三家公司分别制造计算时钟、制表机与精密仪器,于是新成立的公司将三家公司主营业务名称,即Computing-Tabulating-Recording合并在一起,简称CTR公司。
其中Tabulating是由赫尔曼.霍尔瑞斯(Herman Hollerith)创立。
为什么霍尔瑞斯会在1896年创立这样一家制表机器公司(Tabulating Machine Company)?
原来这家公司的主营业务——制表机始于霍尔瑞斯在参与美国人口普查的实践中的一个发明专利。
接下来我们先来认识一下这位发明家,再来看他究竟是如何发明创造的。
赫尔曼·霍勒里斯(Herman Hollerith,1860-1929)

1860年2月29日,生于美国纽约州的布法罗,1929年11月17日,逝世于美国华盛顿特区。
Herman Hollerith was born February 29, 1860, Buffalo, New York, U.S.,died November 17, 1929, Washington, D.C.
他是一位美国发明家。在参加美国人口普查的过程中曾发明过一种制表机,有人认为这种制表机是电子计算机的重要雏形之一。
He was an American inventor of a tabulating machine that was an important precursor of the electronic computer.
1879年,霍尔瑞斯从哥伦比亚大学矿业学院毕业。Immediately after graduation from the Columbia University School of Mines in 1879,
不久,霍勒瑞斯成为他的老师威廉·P·特罗布里奇在美国1880年人口普查中的助理。
Hollerith became an assistant to his teacher William P. Trowbridge in the U.S. census of 1880.
在接下来的十年里,他在剑桥的麻省理工学院短暂任教;他试验过空气制动器;也在华盛顿特区的专利局工作过。
During the next decade
he taught briefly at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge;
experimented on air brakes; and worked for the Patent Office in Washington, D.C.
在这段时间里,霍勒瑞斯一直致力于解决人口普查制表工作自动化的难题。
During all this time Hollerith was occupied with the problem of automating the tabulation work of the census.
1880年人口普查数据的完整制表耗时七年,而1890年人口普查计划收集更多数据,
The complete tabulation of the data from the 1880 census had taken seven years, and the 1890 census aimed to collect even more data,
这让一些人开始质疑1890年人口普查是否能在1900年下一次人口普查之前完成。
leading some to question if the 1890 census would be complete before the next census in 1900.
到1890年的人口普查时,霍尔瑞斯发明出制表机器,通过电气方式读取和分类打孔卡片,
这些卡片通过穿孔位置进行数字编码以记录统计数据。
By the time of the 1890 census, he had invented machines to record statistics by electrically reading and sorting punched cards that had been numerically encoded by perforation position.
在1888年与两个竞争系统的对比测试中,霍勒瑞斯的系统轻松胜出:
它仅用5.5小时就完成了超过10,000人的普查数据统计,而竞争对手分别需要44.5小时和55.5小时。
In an 1888 test against two competing systems, Hollerith’s system won easily, tabulating the census data for over 10,000 people in 5.5 hours, compared with 44.5 and 55.5 hours for his competitors.
这项发明在美国取得了成功,1890年底人口总数(62,622,250人)统计完成,
所有数据的完整整理也在两年内完成。
The invention was a success in the United States, with the final count for the population (62,622,250) complete by the end of 1890 and the full tabulation of all data complete in two years,
1889年,赫尔曼·霍尔瑞斯获得美国专利#395,791,“统计编纂技术”——穿孔卡片计算器。
In 1889 Herman Hollerith is issued US patent #395,791 for the 'Art of Compiling Statistics' — his punched card calculator.

然而,在欧洲,这种制表机却吸引了更多目光,并被广泛应用于各种统计目的。
but the tabulating machine drew much more attention in Europe, where it was widely adopted for a number of statistical purposes.
1896年,霍尔瑞斯在纽约组建了制表机公司,专门生产这些机器;
In 1896 Hollerith organized the Tabulating Machine Company, incorporated in New York, to manufacture the machines;
通过后续的合并,它逐渐发展成为国际商业机器公司(IBM)。through subsequent mergers it grew into the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
拓展阅读:Geoffrey D. Austrian, Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing (1982), is a classic biography of a towering figure from the beginnings of IBM.
备注:1880年,美国展开十年一度的人口普查。
调查员挨家挨户询问各项基本资料,在表格上填写完成后,
统一送回美国人口普查局(United States Census Bureau) 进行各项统计与交叉分析。
当时美国人口已超过五千万人,如此庞大的资料全赖人工作业,最后花了七年的时间才处理完毕。
拓展阅读:时光卷轴,国际商业机器公司IBM的前身故事,何乐礼(Herman Hollerith)为人口普查需求开创计算机商业化里程碑 - TaylorShi - 博客园
拓展阅读:https://blog.csdn.net/qiwsir/article/details/160592720
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