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病毒学的进步:文章回顾了自1974年《细胞》杂志创刊以来病毒学领域的里程碑式发现,包括逆转录病毒导致肿瘤发生的机制、乙型肝炎病毒的复制机制等。
病毒学的挑战:作者指出,尽管病毒学取得了巨大进步,但目前面临着前所未有的审查和挑战,包括科学、技术和社会政治方面的挑战。
病毒多样性和表型:未来的病毒学研究将重点在于编目病毒圈的基因组和表型多样性,理解病毒的全球多样性、病毒群体的特异性以及宿主与病毒的相互作用。
病毒进化和生态学:文章强调了超越基因组和系统发育描述,深入理解病毒进化和生态学的重要性,包括病毒的宏观进化趋势、RNA病毒的进化方向性等问题。
病毒的起源:探讨了病毒起源的两大假说,即病毒是古老复制体的直系后代,或者是较近期从细胞生物中“逃逸”的基因。
疾病出现的理解:强调了人类与动物界面在传染病出现中的关键作用,并提出了加强这一界面的监测以预防未来大流行的建议。
气候变化对病毒(再)出现的影响:讨论了气候变化对病毒传播的潜在影响,特别是通过改变传播媒介的分布。
病毒共循环、干扰和竞争:探讨了不同病毒在同一宿主中共存时的相互作用,以及这些相互作用如何影响病毒的传播和进化。
确定对病毒感染的易感性:研究人类对病毒感染的易感性和抵抗力的异质性,以及这些因素如何影响疾病的严重程度。
病毒感染与慢性疾病:讨论了病毒持续性感染与慢性疾病之间的关系,包括病毒如何影响宿主的长期健康。
共感染:病毒组相互作用的含义:探讨了病毒组内相互作用对疾病结果的影响,以及这些相互作用如何影响宿主对病毒感染的反应。
新型抗病毒药物、疫苗和其他对策:讨论了COVID-19大流行期间开发新型疫苗和抗病毒药物的经验,以及这些经验如何推动未来对抗现有和新出现病毒的对策。
临床宏基因组学:讨论了宏基因组学作为诊断工具在临床医学中的潜力,以及面临的挑战和未来发展。
病毒作为细胞生物学的工具:强调了病毒在细胞生物学研究中作为工具的重要性,包括在基因治疗、溶瘤治疗和疫苗平台中的应用。
人工智能在病毒学中的应用:探讨了人工智能如何影响病毒学,特别是在病毒基因组序列的计算分析方面。
病毒学中的一些紧迫问题:Some pressing questions in virology
What is the diversity, size, and structure of the virosphere, and how does it impact ecosystem health?
What were the primordial viruses, and did they play role in the evolution of cellular life?
What direct and indirect factors determine competition among viruses, and can they be harnessed as strategies for virus control?
How do chronic viral infections mechanistically contribute to chronic human disease, such as neurocognitive decline, long COVID, MS, and cancer?
How do persistent infections impact host immune responses, and what is the impact of co-infections on viral persistence and vice versa?
To what extent can vaccination or early detection and treatment of infection, where antivirals exist, prevent chronic disease?
How do we understand the interface of host and viral biology and its complexity with respect to outcomes of infection?
How do we build public trust in the ability of virology to safely forge new directions for human health and ensure preparedness and response for future pandemics, as well as other infectious disease threats?
摘要:Summary
Virology has made enormous advances in the last 50 years but has never faced such scrutiny as it does today. Herein, we outline some of the major advances made in virology during this period, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, and suggest some areas that may be of research importance in the next 50 years. We focus on several linked themes: cataloging the genomic and phenotypic diversity of the virosphere; understanding disease emergence; future directions in viral disease therapies, vaccines, and interventions; host-virus interactions; the role of viruses in chronic diseases; and viruses as tools for cell biology. We highlight the challenges that virology will face moving forward—not just the scientific and technical but also the social and political. Although there are inherent limitations in trying to outline the virology of the future, we hope this article will help inspire the next generation of virologists.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.025
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