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中国学者多喜欢理论,少重视实验观察,即使是实验观察,也多是重视重现,对意外的研究结果视而不见,不敢和不能对前人进行挑战,因此经常会放弃重要发现。应该将“眼见为实”作为科学研究的原则,不要相信所谓的理论,是当前中国科学应该注重的问题。
从技术上看,科学的发展其实是分辨率的发展,有了显微镜,才有了细胞的发现;有了高氏和卡氏染色方法,才有了神经元概念的确认;有了冰冻蚀刻电子显微镜观察结果;才有了细胞膜脂质双层结构的模型;有了晶体结构分析,才有了DNA双螺旋结构。
物理学的发展已经到了基本粒子和炫层次,生物学的观察层次或者分辨率只局限于原子水平,最近施氏的突破性成果正是采用冰冻电子显微镜这种新技术获得的重要成果,去年获得化学奖的超高分辨率显微镜技术本质上是技术的革命,冰冻电子显微镜是结构生物学领域的技术革命,这些在本质上都是人类观察在分辨率的革命。基本原因和前提是我们肉眼的分辨率不够强大,无法直接看到这些结构,只能借助于技术的改进。说到底,科学就是人类认识自然界的手段,这个手段以观察到的现象为线索,以理性分析为基本方法。总之,科学进步经常体现在分辨率的进步。
该文为阅读学习科学网著名博主王鸿飞文章的体会。
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-176-887552.html
技术和方法的领先
近代科学前沿的发展,多数情况下是研究方法和研究技术的发展。新的方法和研究技术,不仅包括新的概念,而更为重要的是新的研究技术和工具。在此基础上,新的应用和研究新问题才成为可能。
1986年诺贝尔化学奖获得者杜德利·赫希巴赫(Dudley Herschbach)在回顾他自己的科学生涯的文章中(Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 51,1-39,2000.)有这样一段话:
In his book Imagined Worlds, Freeman Dyson asserts that newdirections inscience are launched by new tools much more often than by new concepts. Hesays, “The effect of a concept-driven revolution is to explain old things innew ways. The effect of a tool-driven revolution is to discover new things thathave to be explained.” I would add that new tools or methods often emerge froma symbiotic interaction of old tools and concepts in fresh combinations.That isa good reason for young scientists to learn something about the historicaldevelopment of their field. (试译:(理论物理学家)Freeman Dyson在他的Imagined Worlds一书中宣称,科学中新的方向更多地是由新的科学研究工具而不是由新的概念所带来的。他说“由概念所推动的革命是用新的方式解释已有的事物,而由工具所推动的革命则是去发现必须得到解释的新的事物”。我需要补充的是新的工具或者方法是通过旧的工具和方法以崭新的方式共生相互作用而产生的。这正是年轻科学家去了解自己领域的历史发展的好的理由。
Dyson在Imagined Worlds一书中是这样说的(Freeman Dyson,Imagined Worlds, HarvardUniversityPress,1997. pp.49-50.):
There are two kinds of scientific revolutions, those driven by new toolsand those driven by new concepts. Thomas Kuhn in his famous book, The Structureof Scientific Revolutions, talked almost exclusively about concepts and hardlyat all about tools. His idea of a scientific revolution is based on a singleexample, the revolution in theoretical physics that occurred in the 1920s withthe advent of quantum mechanics. This was a prime example of a concept-drivenrevolution. Kuhn's book was so brilliantly written that it became an instantclassic. It misled a whole generation of students and historians of scienceinto believing that all scientific revolutions are concept driven. The conceptdriven revolutions are the ones that attract the most attention and have thegreatest impact on the public awareness of science, but in fact they arecomparatively rare. In the last 500 years, in addition to the quantummechanical revolution that Kuhn took as his model, we have had six majorconcept driven revolutions, associated with the names of Copernicus, Newton,Darwin, Maxwell, Freud, and Einstein. During the same period there have beenabout twenty tool-driven revolutions, not so impressive to the general publicbut of equal importance to the progress of science. Two prime examples oftool-driven revolutions are the Galilean revolution resulting from the use ofthe telescope in astronomy, and the Crick-Watson revolution resulting from theuse of X ray diffraction to determine the structure of big molecules inbiology.
The effect of a concept-driven revolution is to explain old things in newways. The effect of a tool-driven revolution is to discover new things thathave to be explained. In almost every branch of science, and especially inbiology and astronomy, there has been a preponderance of tool-drivenrevolutions. We have been more successful in discovering new things than inexplaining old ones. In recent times my own field of physics has had greatsuccess in creating new tools that have started revolutions in biology andastronomy. Physics has been less successful in creating new concepts with whichto understand its own discoveries.
(试译:科学革命分两种,即那些由新工具驱动和由新概念驱动的科学革命。托马斯·库恩在其名著《科学革命的结构》中谈到几乎全是有关概念带来的革命,而对工具带来的革命鲜有提及。他的科学革命的想法仅基于一个简单的例子,即发生在20世纪20年代与量子力学的出现所带来的理论物理的革命。这是一个概念驱动的革命的最显著的例子。库恩的书写得很精彩并且很快成为经典。但它误导了整整一代学习科学的学生和科学史家去相信似乎所有的科学革命都是概念驱动的。这个概念驱动的革命吸引了最多的关注并且对公众的科学意识影响巨大,但实际上概念驱动的科学革命相对来说(在历史上)是比较少见的。在过去500年,除了被库恩当作模型的量子力学革命,有六大概念推动的科学革命,这些科学革命与哥白尼,牛顿,达尔文,麦克斯韦,弗洛伊德和爱因斯坦的名字联系在一起。而在在同一时期也出现了大概二十个由工具驱动的革命,但对一般公众来讲它们不是那么令人印象深刻。工具驱动的两个典型的例子是在天文观测中使用望远镜所导致的伽利略革命,以及由使用X射线衍射确定生物大分子结构带来的克里克-沃森革命。
概念驱动的革命的效果是以新的方式解释旧的事物。工具驱动的革命的效果是发现新的必须被解释的事物。几乎在科学每一个分支,尤其是在生物学和天文学领域,工具驱动的革命一直是在数量上占优。我们在发现新的事物上总是比在解释旧的事物更为成功。近来在我自己从事的物理学领域也一直在创造在生物学和天文学带来革命的新工具上取得更为巨大的成功。物理学在发展新概念来了解自己领域的新发现方面的成功要少得多。)
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