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肿瘤放射治疗和恐怖核袭击都有可能导致胃肠道放射损伤,最新研究发现,激活一种早被人熟悉的蛋白低氧诱导因子2(HIF2)能有效治疗胃肠道放射损伤。
急性放射性骨髓损伤已经有治疗药物,但是没有能治疗胃肠道放射损伤的理想药物,胃肠道放射损伤容易导致全身脱水、严重营养不良和感染。自从911恐怖袭击后,美国政府担心未来可能出现的脏弹恐怖袭击,脏弹装填有大量放射性物质和常规炸药。
斯坦福大学肿瘤生物学家Amato Giaccia等最近在《科学转化医学》报道了他们通过诱导HIF2治疗胃肠道放射损伤的最新研究结果。采用基因敲除脯氨酸羟化酶或二甲基草酰甘氨酸(DMOG)抑制其活性,提高细胞HIF2水平,能明显提高动物耐受放射损伤的能力。
放射损伤采用腹部x线照射,24小时后用DMOG治疗,结果发现8只动物中有6只存活1月以上,而11只对照组只有2只。采用全身照射时,DMOG必须结合骨髓移植才能提高动物存活率。
杜克大学医学中心放射肿瘤学家David Kirsch认为,这种对胃肠道放射损伤的药物对脏弹导致的放射损伤尤其重要,脏弹往往不会致命,但更容易引起胃肠道放射损伤。放射治疗期间,往往对骨髓进行防护,这时候胃肠道放射损伤成为主要矛盾。
开发对付各种恐怖袭击的药物十分困难,因为这种药物的市场需求十分有限,甚至永远都不会使用,开展人体验证实验几乎没有可能。美国政府通过许多研究经费管理机构增加这方面的经费投入帮助一些药物开发公司开展这类研究。这些机构包括NIH和BARDA。
如NIH和BARDA正在资助Soligenix开发的一个胃肠道放射损伤治疗药物OrbeShield,FDA将会根据动物实验结果决定是否批准该药物(不需要临床研究)。
但是Giaccia并不考虑申请BARDA经费资助开发DMOG或其他HIF2稳定剂药物,这些药物已经作为抗贫血药物开发,他们希望将这类药物开发为预防放射治疗损伤防护的药物。
放射治疗一般只局限于肿瘤组织,是通过射线将这些肿瘤细胞杀死达到治疗目的。Giaccia说DMOG等药物或许能保护全身放射治疗引起的副作用。
http://www.nature.com/news/wanted-cure-for-fatal-effects-of-radiation-1.15225
Radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity can be a major source of morbidity and mortality after radiation exposure. There is an unmet need for effective preventative or mitigative treatments against the potentially fatal diarrhea and water loss induced by radiation damage to the GI tract. We report that prolyl hydroxylase inhibition by genetic knockout or pharmacologic inhibition of all PHD (prolyl hydroxylase domain) isoforms by the small-molecule dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG) increases hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression, improves epithelial integrity, reduces apoptosis, and increases intestinal angiogenesis, all of which are essential for radioprotection. HIF2, but not HIF1, is both necessary and sufficient to prevent radiation-induced GI toxicity and death. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression contributes to the protective effects of HIF2, because inhibition of VEGF function reversed the radioprotection and radiomitigation afforded by DMOG. Additionally, mortality from abdominal or total body irradiation was reduced even when DMOG was given 24 hours after exposure. Thus, prolyl hydroxylase inhibition represents a treatment strategy to protect against and mitigate GI toxicity from both therapeutic radiation and potentially lethal radiation exposures.
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