||
6. 激励
通过前面的章节知道,新区块的诞生是需要耗费CPU的资源以及电力成本的。只有这样比特币网络才能运行下去。而这一切都是在点对点去中心化环境下开展的,即一切都是节点自愿参与的。因此,为了维持网络的长治久安,必须有相应的奖励才可以。此外,比特币系统中的币是如何发行的,白皮书至今也没有说到。今天这节将讲到这些事。
By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block. This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them. The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation. In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended.
我们约定,每个区块的第一笔交易是一个特殊的交易。该交易产生一枚新币奖励给该区块创造者,即矿工。给挖矿节点的奖励主要是为了维持网络的运行,以及在网络中发行新币进行流通。这样做是因为网络中没有中央机构去发行货币。
这种将一定数量的新币稳定添加到货币系统中的方法,类似于黄金开采者耗费资源去开采黄金并将其输入到流通领域。而在我们系统中,耗费的是CPU的时间和电力。
除了挖矿的激励外,还有交易费的激励。下面白皮书说到。
The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees. If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction. Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free.
另外一个激励的来源则是交易费(transaction fees)。如果某笔交易的输出值小于输入值,那么差额就是交易费,该交易费将被增加到该区块的激励值中。一旦一定数量的电子货币进入到流通领域,则激励将完全转换为依靠交易费。而且此时由于货币数量稳定,使得系统将完全免于通货膨胀。
The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest. If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins. He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth.
激励机制除了能够维持网络的运行,鼓励矿工积极干活,也有助于鼓励节点保持诚实。如果有一个贪婪的攻击者能够调集比所有诚实节点加起来还要多的CPU计算力,那么他就面临一个选择:要么用于挖矿以获得新币奖励,要么用于双花诈骗交易方。他应该发现,如果按照规则行事则更有利可图,例如挖取更多的新币,而不是破坏这个系统以及自身财富的合法性。
从激励这节,我们知道了新币是如何进入流通领域的,货币总量是固定的。除了挖矿可以激励,交易费也是一种激励。这让我想起支付宝这样的第三方,我们在使用时并不需要付交易费,因为有支付宝这样的中心机构来管理运行。但是在去中心化的点对点网络,由于没有中心参与管理,所以一切都得靠节点自愿,激励就显得很重要。从另外一个角度说,似乎中心化的管理更方便,用户也不需要手续费。但是就是被中心牢牢控制了。所以有得必有失。
文章首发在微信公众号:btc201800
http://weixin.qq.com/r/GC8UDDjEjmXxrXxv93oK (二维码自动识别)
相应的音频,已发布到喜马拉雅“解读区块链白皮书”上,欢迎收听。
http://m.ximalaya.com/42927243/sound/119777482(二维码自动识别)
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