数学化描述数据、信息、知识、智慧和意图的DIKWP相互转化和融合

段玉聪（Yucong Duan）

DIKWP-AC人工意识实验室

AGI-AIGC-GPT评测DIKWP（全球）实验室

DIKWP research group, 海南大学

duanyucong@hotmail.com

基于我们的DIKWP（数据、信息、知识、智慧、意图）模型的详细定义，我们可以进一步探索这个模型的数学化表达和更加深入的实例分析。这个模型在处理和分析数据、信息、知识、智慧和意图时强调了语义的重要性，并强调了这些元素之间的相互转化和融合。

1. 数学化定义

数据（Data）

数据可以定义为一个有序对 �=(�,�)D=(S,V)，其中 �S 是一个语义集，�V 是一个值集。数据的每个实例都与特定的语义相关联，这种关联可以通过函数 �:�→�f:S→V 来表示，其中 �f 将每个语义映射到相应的值。

信息（Information）

信息可以被数学化定义为一个关系 �⊆�×�I⊆D×C，其中 �D 是数据集，�C 是上下文集。信息是数据在特定上下文中的应用或解释。它可以通过函数 �:�×�→�(�)g:D×C→P(D) 来表示，其中 �(�)P(D) 是数据集 �D 的幂集，表示数据在上下文中的可能解释。

知识（Knowledge）

知识可以被定义为一个集合 �={(�,�)}K={(I,R)}，其中 �I 是信息集，�R 是规则集。知识不仅包括信息，还包括应用这些信息的规则。它可以通过函数 ℎ:�×�→�h:I×R→B 来表示，其中 �B 是一个布尔值集，表示知识的真假。

智慧（Wisdom）

智慧可以定义为一个函数 �:�×�→�W:K×E→A，其中 �K 是知识集，�E 是经验集，�A 是行动集。智慧是基于知识和经验做出决策的能力。

意图（Purpose）

意图可以定义为一个函数 �:(�,�)→�P:(X,Y)→T，其中 �X 和 �Y 分别是输入和输出集，�T 是目标集。意图表示了从输入到输出的转换过程，目标是这一过程的指导。

2. 丰富的案例

为了更好地理解这个模型，我们可以考虑以下案例：

数据的例子：气温记录

• 数据：气温记录 �=(�,�)D=(S,V)，其中 �S 可能包括日期、时间，�V 是具体的温度值。

• 语义：日期和时间为气温提供了上下文。

信息的例子：天气预报

• 信息：结合气温记录和其他气象数据，创建天气预报 �I。

• 上下文：气象模型和历史数据。

知识的例子：气候变化研究

• 知识：分析长期气温数据和其他环境因素来理解气候变化 �K。

• 规则：科学方法和统计分析。

智慧的例子：环境政策制定

• 智慧：利用关于气候变化的知识和历史经验来制定环境政策 �W。

• 行动：制定减少碳排放的措施。

意图的例子：节能减排

• 意图：从气候数据分析到制定节能政策 �P。

• 目标：减少碳足迹，改善环境质量。

本报告提供了DIKWP模型的一个基础框架和具体实例。该模型强调了语义在数据处理和信息分析中的重要性，以及这些元素之间的相互转化和融合。通过这种方法，我们可以更好地理解和利用数据、信息、知识、智慧和意图，从而实现更有效的决策和行动。

段玉聪，海南大学计算机科学与技术学院教授，博士生导师， 第一批入选海南省南海名家计划、海南省领军人才，2006年毕业于中国科学院软件研究所，先后在清华大学、首都医科大学、韩国浦项工科大学、法国国家科学院、捷克布拉格查理大学、意大利米兰比克卡大学、美国密苏里州立大学等工作与访学。现任海南大学计算机科学与技术学院学术委员会委员、海南大学数据、信息、知识、智慧、意图DIKWP创新团队负责人、兼重庆警察学院特聘研究员、海南省委双百人才团队负责人、海南省发明协会副会长、海南省知识产权协会副会长、海南省低碳经济发展促进会副会长、海南省农产品加工企业协会副会长、美国中密西根大学客座研究员及意大利摩德纳大学的博士指导委员会委员等职务。自2012年作为D类人才引进海南大学以来，累计发表论文260余篇，SCI收录120余次，ESI高被引11篇,引用统计超过4300次。面向多行业、多领域设计了241件（含15件PCT发明专利）系列化中国国家及国际发明专利，已获授权第1发明人中国国家发明专利及国际发明专利共85件。2020年获吴文俊人工智能技术发明三等奖；2021年作为程序委员会主席独立发起首届国际数据、信息、知识与智慧大会-IEEE DIKW 2021；2022年担任IEEE DIKW 2022大会指导委员会主席；2023年担任IEEE DIKW 2023大会主席；2022年获评海南省最美科技工作者（并被推全国）；2022年与2023年连续入选美国斯坦福大学发布的全球前2%顶尖科学家的“终身科学影响力排行榜”榜单。参与研制IEEE金融知识图谱国际标准2项、行业知识图谱标准4项。2023年发起并共同举办首届世界人工意识大会（Artificial Consciousness 2023, AC2023)。

数据（Data）可视为我们认知中相同语义的具体表现形式。通常，数据代表着具体的事实或观察结果的存在语义确认，并通过与认知主体已有认知对象的存在性包含的某些相同语义对应而确认为相同的对象或概念。在处理数据时，我们常常寻求并提取标定该数据的特定相同语义，进而依据对应的相同语义将它们统一视为一个相同概念。例如，当我们看到一群羊时，虽然每只羊可能在体型、颜色、性别等方面略有不同，但我们会将它们归入“羊”的概念，因为它们共享了我们对“羊”这个概念的语义理解。相同语义可以是具体的如识别手臂时可以根据一个硅胶手臂与人的手臂的手指数量的相同、颜色的相同、手臂外形的相同等相同语义进行确认硅胶手臂为手臂，也可以通过硅胶手臂不具有真实手臂的可以旋转对应的由“可以旋转”定义的相同语义，而判定其不是手臂。

信息（Information）则对应认知中不同语义的表达。通常情况下，信息指的是通过特定意图将认知DIKWP对象与认知主体已经认知的数据、信息、知识、智慧或意图联系起来，产生新的语义关联。在处理信息时，我们会根据输入的数据、信息、知识、智慧或意图，找出它们被认知的DIKWP对象的不同之处，对应不同的语义，并进行信息分类。例如，在停车场中，尽管所有的汽车都可以归入“汽车”这一概念，但每辆车的停车位置、停车时间、磨损程度、所有者、功能、缴费记录和经历都代表着信息中不同的语义。信息对应的不同语义经常存在于认知主体的认知中，常常未被显式表达出来，例如抑郁症患者可能用自己情绪“低落”来表达自己当前的情绪相对自己以往的情绪的下降，但这个“低落”对应的信息因为其对比状态不被听众了解而不能被听众客观感受到，从而成为该患者自己主观的认知信息。

知识（Knowledge）对应于认知中的完整语义。知识是通过观察和学习获得的对世界的理解和解释。在处理知识时，我们通过观察和学习抽象出至少一个完整语义对应的概念或模式。例如，通过观察我们得知所有的天鹅都是白色，这是我们通过收集大量信息后对“天鹅都是白色”这一概念的完整认知。

智慧（Wisdom）对应伦理、社会道德、人性等方面的信息，是一种来自文化、人类社会群体的相对于当前时代固定的极端价值观或者个体的认知价值观。在处理智慧时，我们会整合这些数据、信息、知识、智慧，并运用它们来指导决策。例如，在面临决策问题时，我们会综合考虑伦理、道德、可行性等各个方面的因素，而不仅仅是技术或效率。

意图（Purpose）可以看作是一个二元组（输入，输出），其中输入和输出都是数据、信息、知识、智慧或意图的内容。意图代表了我们对某一现象或问题的理解（输入），以及我们希望通过处理和解决该现象或问题来实现的目标（输出）。在处理意图时，人工智能系统会根据其预设的目标（输出），处理输入的内容，通过学习和适应，使输出逐渐接近预设的目标。

References

[1] Liu Y, Wang W, Wang W, et al. Purpose-Driven Evaluation of Operation and Maintenance Efficiency and Safety Based on DIKWP[J]. Sustainability, 2023, 15(17): 13083.

[2] Duan Y, Sun X, Che H, et al. Modeling data, information and knowledge for security protection of hybrid IoT and edge resources[J]. Ieee Access, 2019, 7: 99161-99176.

[3] Mei Y, Duan Y, Chen L, et al. Purpose Driven Disputation Modeling, Analysis and Resolution Based on DIKWP Graphs[C]//2022 IEEE 24th Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 8th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 20th Int Conf on Smart City; 8th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2022: 2118-2125.

[4] Guo Z, Duan Y, Chen L, et al. Purpose Driven DIKW Modeling and Analysis of Meteorology and Depression[C]//2022 IEEE 24th Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 8th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 20th Int Conf on Smart City; 8th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2022: 2126-2133.

[5] Huang Y, Duan Y, Yu L, et al. Purpose Driven Modelling and Analysis for Smart Table Fill and Design based on DIKW[C]//2022 IEEE 24th Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 8th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 20th Int Conf on Smart City; 8th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2022: 2134-2141.

[6] Fan K, Duan Y. Purpose Computation-Oriented Modeling and Transformation on DIKW Architecture[J]. Intelligent Processing Practices and Tools for E-Commerce Data, Information, and Knowledge, 2022: 45-63.

[7] Li Y, Duan Y, Maamar Z, et al. Swarm differential privacy for purpose-driven data-information-knowledge-wisdom architecture[J]. Mobile Information Systems, 2021, 2021: 1-15.

[8] Hu T, Duan Y, Mei Y. Purpose Driven Balancing of Fairness for Emotional Content Transfer Over DIKW[C]//2021 IEEE 23rd Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 7th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 19th Int Conf on Smart City; 7th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2021: 2074-2081.

[9] Huang Y, Duan Y. Fairness Modelling, Checking and Adjustment for Purpose Driven Content Filling over DIKW[C]//2021 IEEE 23rd Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 7th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 19th Int Conf on Smart City; 7th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2021: 2316-2321.

[10] Mei Y, Duan Y, Yu L, et al. Purpose Driven Biological Lawsuit Modeling and Analysis Based on DIKWP[C]//International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022: 250-267.

[11] Lei Y, Duan Y. Purpose-driven Content Network Transmission Protocol Crossing DIKW Modals[C]//2021 IEEE 23rd Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 7th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 19th Int Conf on Smart City; 7th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2021: 2322-2327.

[12] Huang Y, Duan Y. Towards purpose driven content interaction modeling and processing based on DIKW[C]//2021 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES). IEEE, 2021: 27-32.

[13] Li Y, Duan Y, Maamar Z, et al. Swarm differential privacy for purpose-driven data-information-knowledge-wisdom architecture[J]. Mobile Information Systems, 2021, 2021: 1-15.

[14] Qiao H, Yu L, Duan Y. Analysis of Evolutionary Model of DIKW Based on Cloud Resource Allocation Management[C]//2021 IEEE 23rd Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 7th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 19th Int Conf on Smart City; 7th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2021: 2172-2179.

[15] Chen L, Wei X, Chen S, et al. Reconstruction of Smart Meteorological Service Based on DIKW[C]//2021 IEEE 23rd Int Conf on High Performance Computing & Communications; 7th Int Conf on Data Science & Systems; 19th Int Conf on Smart City; 7th Int Conf on Dependability in Sensor, Cloud & Big Data Systems & Application (HPCC/DSS/SmartCity/DependSys). IEEE, 2021: 2180-2183.

[16] Hu T, Duan Y. Modeling and Measuring for Emotion Communication based on DIKW[C]//2021 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES). IEEE, 2021: 21-26.

[17] Haiyang Z, Lei Y, Yucong D. Service Recommendation based on Smart Contract and DIKW[C]//2021 IEEE World Congress on Services (SERVICES). IEEE, 2021: 54-59.

[18] Hu S, Duan Y, Song M. Essence Computation Oriented Multi-semantic Analysis Crossing Multi-modal DIKW Graphs[C]//International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020: 320-339.

[19] Duan Y, Lu Z, Zhou Z, et al. Data privacy protection for edge computing of smart city in a DIKW architecture[J]. Engineering Applications of Artificial wisdom, 2019, 81: 323-335.

[20] Duan Y, Zhan L, Zhang X, et al. Formalizing DIKW architecture for modeling security and privacy as typed resources[C]//Testbeds and Research Infrastructures for the Development of Networks and Communities: 13th EAI International Conference, TridentCom 2018, Shanghai, China, December 1-3, 2018, Proceedings 13. Springer International Publishing, 2019: 157-168.

[21] Wang Y, Duan Y, Wang M, et al. Resource Adjustment Processing on the DIKWP Artificial Consciousness Diagnostic System, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23640.06401. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375492685_Resource_Adjustment_Processing_on_the_DIKWP_Artificial_Consciousness_Diagnostic_System. 2023.

[22] Tang F, Duan Y, Wei J, et al. DIKWP Artificial Consciousness White Box Measurement Standards Framework Design and Practice, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23010.91848. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375492522_DIKWP_Artificial_Consciousness_White_Box_Measurement_Standards_Framework_Design_and_Practice. 2023.

[23] Wu K, Duan Y, Chen L, et al. Computer Architecture and Chip Design for DIKWP Artificial Consciousness, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33077.24802. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375492075_Computer_Architecture_and_Chip_Design_for_DIKWP_Artificial_Consciousness. 2023.

[24] Duan Y. Which characteristic does GPT-4 belong to? An analysis through DIKWP model. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25042.53447. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375597900_Which_characteristic_does_GPT-4_belong_to_An_analysis_through_DIKWP_model_GPT-4_shishenmexinggeDIKWP_moxingfenxibaogao. 2023.

[25] Duan Y. DIKWP Processing Report on Five Personality Traits. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35738.00965. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375597092_wudaxinggetezhide_DIKWP_chulibaogao_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[26] Duan Y. Research on the Application of DIKWP Model in Automatic Classification of Five Personality Traits. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.15605.35047. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375597087_DIKWP_moxingzaiwudaxinggetezhizidongfenleizhongdeyingyongyanjiu_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[27] Duan Y, Gong S. DIKWP-TRIZ method: an innovative problem-solving method that combines the DIKWP model and classic TRIZ. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12020.53120. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375380084_DIKWP-TRIZfangfazongheDIKWPmoxinghejingdianTRIZdechuangxinwentijiejuefangfa. 2023.

[28] Duan Y. The Technological Prospects of Natural Language Programming in Large-scale AI Models: Implementation Based on DIKWP. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19207.57762. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374585374_The_Technological_Prospects_of_Natural_Language_Programming_in_Large-scale_AI_Models_Implementation_Based_on_DIKWP_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[29] Duan Y. The Technological Prospects of Natural Language Programming in Large-scale AI Models: Implementation Based on DIKWP. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19207.57762. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374585374_The_Technological_Prospects_of_Natural_Language_Programming_in_Large-scale_AI_Models_Implementation_Based_on_DIKWP_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[30] Duan Y. Exploring GPT-4, Bias, and its Association with the DIKWP Model. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11687.32161. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374420003_tantaoGPT-4pianjianjiqiyuDIKWPmoxingdeguanlian_Exploring_GPT-4_Bias_and_its_Association_with_the_DIKWP_Model. 2023.

[31] Duan Y. DIKWP language: a semantic bridge connecting humans and AI. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16464.89602. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374385889_DIKWP_yuyanlianjierenleiyu_AI_deyuyiqiaoliang. 2023.

[32] Duan Y. The DIKWP artificial consciousness of the DIKWP automaton method displays the corresponding processing process at the level of word and word granularity. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13773.00483. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374267176_DIKWP_rengongyishide_DIKWP_zidongjifangshiyiziciliducengjizhanxianduiyingdechuliguocheng. 2023.

[33] Duan Y. Implementation and Application of Artificial wisdom in DIKWP Model: Exploring a Deep Framework from Data to Decision Making. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33276.51847. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374266065_rengongzhinengzai_DIKWP_moxingzhongdeshixianyuyingyongtansuocongshujudaojuecedeshendukuangjia_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[34] Duan Y. DIKWP Digital Economics 12 Chain Machine Learning Chain: Data Learning, Information Learning, Knowledge Learning, Intelligent Learning, purposeal Learning. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26565.63201. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374266062_DIKWP_shuzijingjixue_12_lianzhijiqixuexilian_shujuxuexi-xinxixuexi-zhishixuexi-zhihuixue_xi-yituxuexi_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023

[35] Duan Y. Big Data and Small Data Governance Based on DIKWP Model: Challenges and Opportunities for China. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21532.46724. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374266054_jiyuDIKWPmoxingdedashujuyuxiaoshujuzhili_zhongguodetiaozhanyujiyu. 2023.

[36] Duan Y. DIKWP is based on digital governance: from "data governance", "information governance", "knowledge governance" to "wisdom governance". "Analysis of the current situation. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23210.18883. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374265977_DIKWPjiyushuzizhilicongshujuzhilixinxizhilizhishizhilidaozhihuihuazhilidexianzhuangfenxi. 2023.

[37] Duan Y. Exploration of the nature of data tenure and rights enforcement issues based on the DIKWP model. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35793.10080. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374265942_jiyu_DIKWP_moxingdeshujuquanshuxingzhiyuquequanwentitantao_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[38] Duan Y. The DIKWP Model: Bridging Human and Artificial Consciousness. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.23839.33447. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374265912_DIKWP_moxingrenleiyurengongyishideqiaoliang_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[39] Duan Y. An Exploration of Data Assetisation Based on the DIKWP Model: Definitions, Challenges and Prospects. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24887.91043. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374265881_jiyu_DIKWP_moxingdeshujuzichanhuatanjiudingyitiaozhanyuqianjing_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[40] Duan Y. Purpose-driven DIKWP Resource Transformation Processing: A New Dimension of Digital Governance. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29921.07529. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/374265796_yituqudongde_DIKWP_ziyuanzhuanhuachulishuzizhilidexinweidu_duanyucongYucong_Duan. 2023.

[41] Altshuller, G. (1984). Creativity as an Exact Science. Gordon and Breach.

[42] Altshuller, G., & Shulyak, L. (2002). 40 Principles: TRIZ Keys to Technical Innovation. Technical Innovation Center, Inc.

[43] Fey, V., & Rivin, E. I. (2005). Innovation on Demand: New Product Development Using TRIZ. Cambridge University Press.

[44] Kaplan, S. (1996). An Introduction to TRIZ: The Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving. Ideation International Inc.

[45] Rantanen, K., & Domb, E. (2008). Simplified TRIZ: New Problem-Solving Applications for Engineers. CRC Press.

[46] Mann, D. L. (2007). Hands-On Systematic Innovation for Business and Management. IFR Press.

[47] Savransky, S. D. (2000). Engineering of Creativity: Introduction to TRIZ Methodology of Inventive Problem Solving. CRC Press.

[48] Zlotin, B., & Zusman, A. (2001). Directed Evolution: Philosophy, Theory and Practice. Ideation International Inc.

[49] Orloff, M. A. (2006). Inventive Thinking through TRIZ: A Practical Guide. Springer.

Terninko, J., Zusman, A., & Zlotin, B. (1998). Systematic Innovation: An Introduction to TRIZ. CRC Press.

[50] Souchkov, V. (2008). TRIZ and Systematic Business Model Innovation. Value Innovation.

[51] Cascini, G., & Russo, D. (2007). Computer-Aided Analysis of Patents for Product Innovation: Comparing Strategic Design and TRIZ. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(3).

[52] DeCarlo, N., & DeCarlo, D. (2002). The 7 Steps of Creative Thinking: Rationalize, Analyze, Detect, Enhance, Locate, Implement, Predict. The TRIZ Journal.

[53] Chechurin, L., & Borgianni, Y. (2016). Value Driven TRIZ Innovation of Product-Service Systems. Procedia CIRP.

[54] Lee, S., & Park, J. (2005). TRIZ-facilitated Innovation Strategy in Information Technology. Journal of Computer Information Systems.

[55] Kim, C., & Song, B. (2007). Creating New Product Ideas with TRIZ-Based Semantic Network Analysis. Expert Systems with Applications.

[56] Vincenti, W. G. (1990). What Engineers Know and How They Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History. Johns Hopkins University Press.

[57] Bogatyreva, O., et al. (2010). Bridging the Gaps between Innovation, TRIZ, and Biological Analogy. Procedia Engineering.

[58] Sokolov, G., & Abramov, O. (2019). TRIZ and Digital Transformation: From Information to Knowledge Management. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management.

[59] Sato, Y., & Hanaoka, K. (2007). TRIZ-based Technology Forecasting: Identification of Evolution Patterns. Futures.