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IBD(inflammatory bowel diseases)是由遗传、免疫、肠道微生物和环境等多种因素作用形成的慢性炎症疾病。IBD传统上在临床根据症状可以划分为:ulcerative colitis (UC)和Crohn's disease (CD)。研究发现,77%的CD患者和80%的UC患者找不到遗传因素,为此IBD的出现不是单一因素导致的,随着微生物研究技术的迅速发展,IBD与microbiota的研究成果越来越丰富。
1、遗传因素联合菌群与IBD的影响:GWAS发现160个与IBD有关的SNPs,SNPs所位于的基因大部分是发挥调节微生物与宿主的作用。1)在携带有NOD2突变的CD患者,IL-10的量会呈现下降趋势,CD患者同时呈现肠道菌群紊乱状态,Clostridium XIVa和IV含量减少,Actinobacteria和Prodeobacteria含量增加。2)携带有ATG16L1基因的T300A变异的患者,Escherichia coli含量较高 。
2、饮食对肠道微生物的影响:亚洲人群IBD患者数目逐年增加的一个诱发因素是饮食结构逐步偏向西方人群;高脂肪、低纤维的饮食人群肠道内具有较多的Bacteroidetes和Actinobacteria,而高纤维、低脂肪的饮食具有较多的Firmicutes和Proteobacteria。在CD患者中,服用地中海饮食时,CRP(C Reactive Protein)的水平呈下降趋势,同时Proteobacteria和Bacillaceae的含量下降,Bacteroidetes和Clostridium clusters的含量增加。
3、IBD与肠道微生物的关系研究:1)在UC患者中,肠道的生态失衡表现在Firmicutes、Bacteroidetes的减少,Proteobacteria和Actionbacteria含量增加。2)对类胆固醇存在反应的人体中,多样性更为丰富相对对类胆固醇没有反应的人来讲。3)在小孩患者中,Enterobactriaceae、Pasteurellacaea、Veillonellaceae和Fusobacteriaceae的含量较为丰富,Erysipelotrichales、Bacteroidales和Clostridiales的含量下降。4)有研究发现UC患者中,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii和Roseburia hominis的含量显著性低。5)在CD患者中,真菌Candida albicans、Aspergillus clavatus和C. neoformans含量较为丰富。
4、菌群如何调节Intestinal Inflammation:菌群可以通过影响short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)、vitamins等影响机体状态,有研究发现Clostridia和Bacteroidetes的某些菌可以促进CD4+ Foxp3+调节细胞的含量增加。
5、口腔微生物与IBD的关系:有研究发现,IBD患者中,口腔中的Bacteroidetes显著增加,而Proteobacteria相应减少。
6、微生物基因功能与IBD的关系:研究发现IBD患者中,肠道微生物的metabolic pathways有12%受到影响。在CD患者中,参与丁酸盐、丙酸乙酯的有关微生物基因表达量下降,导致butyrate, acetate和SCFAs等含量的下降。
7、IBD与Probiotics:probiotics supplementation的调节对于慢性肠炎患者具有较好的效果。
8、IBD与Antibiotics:服用抗生素时,肠道内的菌群会出现较大变化,服用7天的克林霉素(clindamycin)、ciprofloxacin(环丙沙星)后,体内的Ruminococcaceae和Lachnospiraceae显著下降。1)在大于2岁的孩子中,如果小孩服用抗生素,IBD的发病风险会大幅度增加;2)a recent meta-analysis showed a 2.17-fold and 1.35-fold increase in likelihood to undergo clinical remission for UC and CD patients taking antibiotics when compared to patients off anti-microbial therapy, respectively. 3)showed that rifaximin extended-release at a dose of 800 mg twice a day was able to induce clinical remission in 72 % of patients with moderately active CD. Clinical remission was observed for the subsequent 12-week follow-up period。
9、粪便移植和IBD:1)FMT is an effective form of therapy in recurrent Clostridium difficile infection where the experience is much greater. 2)In a systematic review performed in 2012, improvement of IBD symptoms and disease activity index was observed in 76 and 63 % of patients with FMT treatment, respectively. 3)Kump et al. recently published a case series of six patients with severe refractory UC who were treated with FMT through a single colonoscopy deliver. None of the patients in this study were able to achieve clinical remission at 90 days. They observed a marked decrease in Proteobacteria including Enterobacteriaceae and an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes including Lachnospiraceae. All patients experienced improvement of bowel frequency during the first 2 weeks after FMT.
参考文章:IBD and the Gut Microbiota—from Benchto Personalized Medicine
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