Progress in molecular design of ATP specific fluorescent probes for multidisciplinary applications

Dyes and Pigments

Volume 246, Part 1, March 2026, 113376

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113376

ReviewProgress in molecular design of ATP specific fluorescent probes for multidisciplinary applications

Author links open overlay panelLei Zhu a,Xiaojian Kong c,Tian Su b d,Yanlong Xing b d,Zhiwei Sun a,Xianzhu Luo b d,Fabiao Yu b d

• aSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China

• bNHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, Key Laboratory of Hainan Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, School of Life Sciences and Medical Technology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China

• cSchool of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Jining University, Qufu, 273155, China

• dKey Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China

Received 26 August 2025, Revised 16 October 2025, Accepted 29 October 2025, Available online 31 October 2025, Version of Record 3 November 2025.

Highlights

• •Small molecule probes, nanoprobes and oligonucleotide probes for ATP sensing are summarized.

  •The recognition mechanism and practical application of various ATP probes are condensed.

• •The future development direction and challenges of fluorescent probes are reviewed.

  Abstract

Adenosine 5 ′- triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency in cells and plays a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological functions. Moreover, ATP, as an energy hub for various life activities, undergoes significant changes in intracellular ATP concentration during the occurrence and development of diseases or changes in external environmental conditions. These changes act as “molecular signals”, and accurate determination of ATP content provides important basis for disease diagnosis, food quality assessment, and environmental monitoring. Fluorescent probe technology is widely used in the fields of biomedical imaging and food analysis due to its significant advantages such as high sensitivity, strong selectivity, and non-invasiveness. In recent years, a series of fluorescence probes for ATP detection have been developed, which have deepened our understanding of cellular energy metabolism. Meanwhile, they have provided new ideas for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This article systematically reviews the research progress of ATP fluorescent probes in the past 10 years, covering different types such as small molecule fluorescent probes, nanoprobes, and oligonucleotide probes. It deeply analyzes their mechanism of recognizing ATP, and in combination with practical application cases, explores the application value of these probes in biomedical, food detection, and environmental monitoring fields. In addition, a summary was made of the current technical bottlenecks of ATP fluorescent probes, and the future development trends in this field were discussed, aiming to provide comprehensive references for related research and promote the further development and application of ATP fluorescent probe technology.

Graphical abstract

Adenosine 5 ′- triphosphate (ATP) is the main source of energy in cells and participates in various physiological and pathological processes within the cell. Here, we review small molecule probes, nanoprobes, and oligonucleotide probes used for ATP sensing and imaging, hoping to promote the development of ATP probes and better understand their role in biomedical applications.

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