Near-infrared I/II fluorescent carbon dots: tailoring synthesis and optical properties for biomedical applications发布时间：2025-12-11 发布者： 浏览次数：1

ReviewNear-infrared I/II fluorescent carbon dots: tailoring synthesis and optical properties for biomedical applications

Author links open overlay panelFangfang Du a b,Rong Chen b,Erting Feng a b,Hongjie Dai c d,Fabiao Yu a b

• a

• NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Engineering Research Center for Hainan Bio-Smart Materials and Bio-Medical Devices, Key Laboratory of Hainan Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, School of Life Sciences and Medical Technology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China

• b

• Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Haikou Trauma，Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Haikou 571199, China

• c

• Department of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China

• d

• Material Innovation Institute for Life Sciences and Energy, HKU-SIRI, Shenzhen 518048, China

Received 21 October 2025, Accepted 2 December 2025, Available online 10 December 2025, Version of Record 10 December 2025.

Coordination Chemistry Reviews

Volume 551, 15 March 2026, 217460

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2025.217460

Highlights

• •Synthesis strategies of NIR CDs including precursor selection and fine-tune the reaction condition are introduced in detail.

• •The luminescence mechanisms and fluorescence tuning approaches of NIR CDs are discussed.

  •The biomedical applications of NIR CDs are overviewed, focusing on biosensing, imaging, phototherapy and theranostics.

• •Current achievements and future challenges in NIR CDs are described.

• Abstract

Carbon dots (CDs), as a rapidly developing class of luminescent nanomaterials have been widely studied due to exceptional photostability, ultrasmall size, and facile surface functionalization. Especially, near-infrared fluorescence CDs (NIR-CDs) in the window (650–1700 nm) show great promise in the biomedical field such as sensing, bioimaging, phototherapy, and integrated theranostics. Recent advances have focused on controlled synthesis and precise modulation of the photophysical properties of NIR-CDs to expand their biomedical utility. In this review, we systematically summarize strategies for the preparation of NIR-CDs, emphasizing precursor selection, reaction engineering, and post-synthetic modifications that enable red-shifted and stable emissions. We further highlight mechanistic insights into their luminescence, covering contributions from core, surface, and molecular states, as well as approaches for tailoring optical performance through heteroatom doping, surface engineering, self-assembly, and hybridization. The biomedical applications of NIR-CDs in high-sensitivity biosensing, deep-tissue fluorescence and multiphoton imaging, and synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy are critically evaluated. Finally, we discuss current challenges, including limited quantum yields in the NIR-II region, unclear metabolic pathways, and synthetic reproducibility, and propose future directions toward clinical translation. This review aims to provide an integrated perspective that bridges fundamental design principles with emerging applications, thereby guiding the development of next-generation functional carbon nanomaterials.

Keywords

Near-infrared I/II CDsSynthesis strategiesLuminescence regulationBiomedical applications

转载本文请联系原作者获取授权，同时请注明本文来自于法标科学网博客。
链接地址：https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2438823-1513890.html

上一篇：红外二区荧光探针精准肿瘤切除与实时化疗疗效监测