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重新思考肥胖:新的研究挑战减肥是健康的关键 精选

已有 653 次阅读 2024-11-25 15:17 |个人分类:健康生活|系统分类:科普集锦

重新思考肥胖:新的研究挑战减肥是健康的关键

诸平

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Cardiorespiratory fitness predicts mortality risk better than BMI, with fitness reducing risks significantly for all body types. Modest physical activity, such as brisk walking, can greatly improve health outcomes, emphasizing the need for a fitness-focused approach over weight loss.

据美国弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA)20241123日提供的消息,重新思考肥胖:新的研究挑战减肥是健康的关键(Rethinking Obesity: New Study Challenges Weight Loss As the Key to Health)

被归类为健康的个体,即使超重或肥胖,也未表现出心血管疾病或总体死亡率的显著上升(Individuals categorized as fit, even if overweight or obese, did not exhibit a notable rise in cardiovascular disease or overall mortality rates

随着美国肥胖率——以身体质量指数(body mass index简称BMI)作为衡量标准——持续上升,促进减肥的努力也在不断加大,包括新一代减肥药的问世。然而,20241123日发表在《英国运动医学杂志》(British Journal of Sports Medicine)上的一项系统综述和荟萃分析显示,与BMI相比,心肺健康是心血管疾病和总体死亡率的一个更有力的预测指标。原文详见:Nathan R Weeldreyer, Jeison C De Guzman, Craig Paterson, Jason D Allen, Glenn A Gaesser, Siddhartha S Angadi. Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 13 November 2024. DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108748. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108748

参与此项研究的除了来自美国弗吉尼亚大学的研究人员之外,还有来自美国亚利桑那州立大学(Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA)以及英国布里斯托大学(University of Bristol, Bristol, UK)的研究人员。

研究人员发现,在统计上,所有BMI类别的健康个体死于所有心血管疾病的风险相似。

相比之下,与体重正常的人相比,所有BMI类别中不健康的人患全因疾病和心血管疾病的死亡率都高出两到三倍。事实上,与体重正常的人相比,肥胖的人死亡的风险要低得多。

健身胜过肥胖:关键见解(Fitness Over Fatness: Key Insights

弗吉尼亚大学教育与人类发展学院(University of Virginia School of Education and Human Development)运动生理学副教授、该研究的通讯作者Siddhartha Angadi说:“事实证明,在死亡风险方面,健康比肥胖重要得多。我们的研究发现,肥胖个体的死亡风险与正常体重的个体相似,接近正常体重不健康个体的一半。

锻炼不仅仅是消耗卡路里的一种方式。它是优化整体健康的极好‘药物’,可以大大降低心血管疾病的风险和各种体型的人的全因死亡。”

研究人员回顾了20项研究,总样本量为398,716名来自多个国家的成年人。大约三分之一的研究参与者是女性,比之前的研究增加了近3倍。在大多数研究中,如果个人的运动压力测试分数(估计或直接测量的最大摄氧量,VO2max)高于其年龄组的第20百分位,则被归类为健康。

肥胖与一系列健康状况有关,减肥一直被视为减少这些健康状况影响的方法。但减肥是具有挑战性的,不能保持体重会带来其他风险。

体重循环的风险和健身的好处(The Risks of Weight Cycling and Benefits of Fitness

亚利桑那州立大学教授、该研究的合著者格伦·盖瑟(Glenn Gaesser)说:“大多数减肥的人都会反弹。反反复复的减肥和增重的溜溜球式节食(yo-yo dieting)与许多健康风险相关,与肥胖本身相当。改善心肺健康可能有助于避免与慢性溜溜球节食(chronic yo-yo dieting)相关的不良健康影响。”,

大约20%的美国成年人符合美国卫生与公众服务部(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services)制定的体育活动指南。目前的指南建议成年人每周至少进行150分钟中等强度的体育活动或75分钟的剧烈体育活动,同时每周进行两天的肌肉强化。对于那些发现自己心肺健康水平处于倒数20%的人来说,开始任何一种有氧运动都可能产生很大的影响。

Siddhartha Angadi说:“当完全久坐不动的人适度增加体力活动时,全因疾病和心血管疾病死亡率的降低幅度最大。这可以通过一些活动来实现,比如每周快走几次,每天的目标是积累大约30分钟。”

研究人员指出,该研究检查了来自大型流行病学研究的数据,并建议现在是时候独立评估基于健身的方法而不是减肥方法对肥胖个体的价值,以优化健康结果。

上述介绍,仅供参考。欲了解更多信息,敬请注意浏览原文或者相关报道

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this review was to assess the joint relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and Body Mass Index (BMI) on both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality risk.

Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Pooled HR and 95% CI were calculated using a three-level restricted maximum likelihood estimation random-effects model with robust variance estimation. The reference group was normal weight-fit and was compared with normal weight-unfit, overweight-unfit and fit, and obese-unfit and fit.

Data sources: Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and SportDiscus) were searched following registration on PROSPERO.

Eligibility criteria: Articles meeting the following criteria were included: (1) published between January 1980 and February 2023, (2) prospective cohort study, (3) CRF assessed using a maximal or VO2peak exercise test, (4) BMI reported and directly measured, (5) joint impact of CRF and BMI on all-cause mortality or CVD mortality were analysed, and (6) the reference group was normal weight, fit individuals.

Results: 20 articles were included in the analysis resulting in a total of 398 716 observations. Compared with the reference group, overweight-fit (CVD HR (95% CI): 1.50 (0.82-2.76), all-cause HR: 0.96 (0.61-1.50)) and obese-fit (CVD: 1.62 (0.87-3.01), all-cause: 1.11 (0.88-1.40)) did not have a statistically different risk of mortality. Normal weight-unfit (CVD: 2.04 (1.32-3.14), all-cause: 1.92 (1.43-2.57)), overweight-unfit (CVD: 2.58 (1.48-4.52), all-cause: 1.82 (1.47-2.24)) and obese-unfit (CVD: 3.35 (1.17-9.61), all-cause: 2.04 (1.54-2.71)) demonstrated 2-3-fold greater mortality risks.

Conclusions: CRF is a strong predictor of CVD and all-cause mortality and attenuates risks associated with overweight and obesity. These data have implications for public health and risk mitigation strategies.



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