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朗道说(《Statstical Physics》Part I,Sec. 83):
“In this sense, when there is a criticalpoint, the concept of different phases is itself arbitrary, and it is notpossible to say in every case which states have one phase and which have theother. Strictly speaking, there can be said to be two phase only when theyexist simultaneously and in contact—that is, at points lying on the equilibrium curve.”
也就是说,当相图中存在临界点时,一般谈某态对应某相是无意义的或不明确的。相这个概念是相对的,只在两个差异较大状态共存时(微观上,差异体现在分子相互作用的大小上),即相变发生时,才有意义。如下图气液相变:
顺便再调侃下买房:
由于固体和流体的对称性不同,前者有对称性,后者没有,因此两者始终存在定性的不同,可以单独谈固体和流体,也正是这个原因,固液相图中一般不认为有临界点。下图展示的是相分类(虚框表示两者要绑定谈):
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