常见4000单词分类

常见4000单词分类是理解和记忆大量词汇的有效工具。单词分类构建一个相互关联的、立体的词汇网络，从而加深对单词的理解记忆，而不是孤立地死记硬背单词。

说明：下面分类是以“词义关联”为基础进行分类，采用分层分类系统，从最广泛的“语义场”（Semantic Field）开始，逐步细化到更具体的子类别。它遵循“从具体到抽象，从个人到社会再到世界”的逻辑顺序。第五部分专门处理了那些在语义上难以归入具体“事物”或“概念”类别，但在语法和语用上至关重要的功能词和高频词。

第一部分：人与社会 (Human & Society)

1. 个人与身份 (The Self & Identity)

• 基本特征：  

• I, me, myself, you, your, yours, yourself, he, him, his, she, her, we, us, our, ours, ourselves, they, them, their, theirs, themselves, one, self, self-esteem, personal, personality, identity, ego

• 姓名与称呼： 

• name, Mr, Mrs, Ms, title, nickname

• 人生阶段：

•  baby, child, childhood, teen, teenage, teenager, adult, adolescent, elder, elderly, old, young, youth, youngster, aging, birth, born, die, dying, death, dead, lifetime, generation, ancestor, descendant

2. 家庭与亲属 (Family & Kinship)

• 核心家庭： family, parent, parental, mother, father, mom, dad, son, daughter, sibling, brother, sister

• 扩展家庭： 

• grandfather, grandmother, grandparent, grandchild, grandson, granddaughter, aunt, uncle, cousin

• 婚姻与伴侣： 

• husband, wife, spouse, marriage, married, marry, bride, groom, boyfriend, girlfriend, lover, mate, couple, divorce, wedding

3. 身体与健康 (Body & Health)

• 身体部位： 

• body, head, face, eye, eyebrow, nose, mouth, lip, tooth, tongue, chin, jaw, cheek, ear, hair, neck, throat, shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, hand, finger, fist, palm, chest, breast, heart, stomach, belly, back, spine, hip, leg, thigh, knee, ankle, foot, heel, toe, skin, bone, muscle, blood, vein, nerve, brain, liver, lung, kidney, gut

• 感官与感知：

•  see, sight, look, watch, read, hear, sound, listen, smell, taste, touch, feel, feeling, sense, sensation, perception

• 生理功能： 

• breathe, breath, breathing, eat, eating, drink, drinking, chew, swallow, digest, sleep, dream, cry, tear, sweat, blink, yawn

• 健康与疾病： 

• health, healthy, ill, illness, sick, disease, infection, virus, bacteria, cancer, fever, pain, painful, headache, fatigue, disability, disabled, blind, deaf, epidemic, syndrome, symptom

• 医疗与治疗： 

• medicine, medical, medication, drug, pill, vaccine, therapy, treatment, surgery, hospital, doctor, physician, nurse, patient, diagnose, diagnosis, cure, recovery, rehabilitate, rehabilitation

4. 思维与心智 (Mind & Mentality)

• 认知与智力： 

• mind, mental, mentally, brain, think, thinking, thought, reason, rational, logic, logical, intelligence, intelligent, smart, wise, wisdom, knowledge, know, unknown, understanding, understand, learn, learning, study, comprehend, ignore, forget, memory, remember, recall, recognition, recognize

• 情绪与感受：

• 积极： 

• happy, happiness, joy, pleasure, delight, excitement, excited, exciting, love, lovely, pride, proud, hope, hopeful, hopefully, confidence, confident, optimistic, calm, comfort, comfortable

• 消极： 

• sad, sadness, depressed, depression, angry, anger, mad, fear, scared, scary, afraid, anxiety, anxious, stress, nervous, guilt, guilty, shame, embarrassed, disappointed, disappointment, frustration, frustrated, jealous, lonely, bored, boring, tired, exhausted, horror, terrified

• 其他：

•  feeling, emotion, emotional, emotionally, mood, attitude, desire, want, wish, surprise, surprised, surprising, curiosity, curious

• 意志与性格： 

• will, willing, willingness, determination, determine, decision, decide, choice, choose, intention, intend, motivation, motivate, motive, ambition, ambitious, courage, brave, bold, shy, modest, humble, honest, honesty, integrity, character, personality, trait

5. 行为与活动 (Actions & Activities)

• 基本动作：

• 移动：

•  move, movement, go, come, walk, walking, run, running, jump, climb, crawl, swim, swimming, fly, flying, ride, rider, drive, driver, driving, pass, passing, enter, exit, arrive, arrival, leave, depart, departure, follow, following, lead, leader, escape, flee, chase, pursue, pursuit, wander

• 手部动作： 

• take, get, give, put, hold, carry, bring, send, throw, catch, grab, pull, push, press, lift, drop, pick, pickup, touch, feel, hit, strike, beat, punch, slap, scratch, cut, chop, slice, tear, break, fix, repair, build, construct, destroy, kiss, hug, shake, wave, point, show, hide, cover, uncover, open, close, shut, lock, unlock, turn, switch, screw, adjust, control

• 口部动作： 

• say, speak, talk, tell, ask, answer, call, shout, scream, whisper, sing, singer, laugh, laughter, cry, swear, promise, lie, accuse, blame, praise, complain, confess, apologize, thank, thanks, greet, welcome, beg, persuade, convince, discuss, debate, argue, insist, demand, order, command, suggest, suggestion, advise, advice, warn, warning, announce, announcement, declare, explain, explanation, describe, description, report, mention, quote, repeat, name, call

• 感官/认知动作：

•  see, look, watch, read, hear, listen, smell, taste, touch, feel, think, consider, imagine, dream, remember, forget, learn, study, teach, know, understand, realize, recognize, notice, discover, discovery, invent, invention, create, creation, design, plan, plot, choose, decide, solve, guess, estimate, calculate, calculation, measure, measurement, compare, comparison, analyze, analysis, evaluate, evaluation, judge, judgment, test, testing, experiment, try, attempt, aim, focus

• 社会互动： 

• meet, meeting, visit, visitor, invite, invitation, introduce, introduction, social, socially, interact, interaction, communicate, communication, chat, conversation, dialogue, relationship, friendship, friend, friendly, enemy, rival, opponent, ally, alliance, partner, partnership, team, teammate, colleague, company, community, audience, crowd, public, private, privacy

• 工作与努力： 

• work, worker, working, job, task, labor, effort, try, attempt, struggle, fight, fighting, battle, war, win, winner, lose, loss, defeat, victory, success, successful, successfully, fail, failure, achieve, achievement, accomplish, accomplishment, perform, performance, productivity, productive, busy, active, actively, lazy, retire, retired, retirement

6. 社会结构与文化 (Social Structure & Culture)

• 职业与身份： 

• job, occupation, profession, professional, career, worker, employer, employee, boss, manager, management, director, executive, president, CEO, administrator, secretary, assistant, teacher, educator, professor, scholar, scientist, researcher, doctor, nurse, lawyer, judge, police, policeman, soldier, artist, actor, actress, musician, singer, writer, author, journalist, reporter, farmer, worker, engineer, architect, driver, cook, chef, waiter, cleaner

• 社会地位： 

• status, class, rank, position, role, title, noble, royal, king, queen, prince, princess, lord, lady, master, servant, slave, slavery, rich, wealth, wealthy, poor, poverty

• 群体与组织： 

• group, team, crew, staff, committee, board, company, corporation, firm, agency, organization, institution, club, association, union, coalition, gang, squad, community, society, population, public, audience, crowd, mob

• 文化实践：

•  culture, cultural, tradition, traditional, custom, ritual, ceremony, celebration, festival, holiday, religion, religious, church, temple, pray, prayer, preach, faith, belief, believe, moral, ethics, ethical, value, art, artist, artistic, music, musical, dance, dancing, dancer, theater, opera, film, movie, literature, literary, poetry, poet, story, history, historical, language, dialect, accent

• 教育： 

• education, educational, school, university, college, campus, class, classroom, student, teacher, professor, learn, learning, study, teach, teaching, read, reading, write, writing, homework, lesson, course, subject, test, exam, examination, grade, degree, diploma, scholarship

第二部分：物质世界与科学 (Physical World & Science)

1. 自然世界 (Natural World)

• 宇宙与天体： 

• universe, space, galaxy, star, sun, sunny, sunlight, moon, planet, earth, world, sky, air, atmosphere

• 地理与地貌： 

• land, ground, soil, mountain, hill, valley, plain, plateau, cliff, cave, coast, coastal, beach, shore, island, peninsula, continent, sea, ocean, river, lake, pond, stream, waterfall, desert, forest, jungle, meadow, field, landscape, scenery, nature, natural, wilderness, wildlife

• 天气与气候：

• weather, climate, sun, rain, snow, ice, wind, storm, thunder, lightning, fog, cloud, dry, wet, hot, cold, warm, cool, temperature, season, spring, summer, fall, autumn, winter

• 灾难： earthquake, flood, hurricane, tornado, drought, fire, disaster

2. 生物 (Living Organisms)

• 动物： 

• animal, bird, fish, mammal, insect, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chicken, duck, rabbit, mouse, rat, lion, tiger, bear, elephant, monkey, whale, shark, snake, frog, butterfly, bee, ant, spider, pet

• 植物： plant, tree, flower, grass, leaf, root, branch, trunk, seed, fruit, vegetable, wood, forest, jungle

• 生物概念： 

• life, living, biology, biological, species, genetic, DNA, gene, evolution, evolve, ecosystem, organism

3. 物质与材料 (Substances & Materials)

• 基本物质： 

• water, ice, steam, fire, air, oxygen, metal, iron, steel, gold, silver, copper, bronze, stone, rock, sand, soil, mud, dust, glass, plastic, rubber, wood, paper, cloth, fabric, leather, fur, wool, cotton, silk, chemical

• 状态与属性： 

• solid, liquid, gas, hard, soft, soften, rough, smooth, heavy, light (轻的),  thick,  thin,  strong,  weak,  flexible,  rigid,  transparent, opaque, durable, fragile, pure, raw, dense, density

4. 物理与现象 (Physics & Phenomena)

• 力与运动： 

• force, power, energy, pressure, stress, tension, motion, move, movement, speed, velocity, acceleration, momentum, gravity, weight, mass, density, friction, inertia, balance

• 光与热： 

• light, lighting, dark, darkness, shadow, shade, shine, reflection, mirror, lens, laser, heat, warm, hot, cold, cool, temperature, burn, burning, melt, freeze

• 声音： sound, noise, voice, echo, volume, loud, quiet, silence, silent

• 电磁： electricity, electric, electronic, magnetic, magnet, radiation, wave, frequency

5. 数学与数量 (Mathematics & Quantity)

• 数字与计算： 

• number, count, calculate, calculation, add, addition, subtract, multiply, divide, sum, total, amount, quantity, percent, percentage, fraction, decimal, average, statistics, statistical

• 形状与空间： 

• shape, form, circle, square, triangle, rectangle, round, angle, line, curve, point, dot, surface, plane, volume, space, dimension, length, width, height, depth, area, perimeter, center, central, edge, side, top, bottom, front, back, left, right, up, down, above, below, beneath, under, over, inside, outside, between, among, around, through, across, along, beside, near, far, distance, distant

• 逻辑关系： 

• logic, logical, reason, rational, cause, effect, relation, relationship, correlation, if, then, because, therefore, thus, hence, so, since, although, though, but, however, nevertheless, despite, unless, until, while, whereas

第三部分：人造世界与系统 (Human-Made World & Systems)

1. 建筑与住所 (Buildings & Dwellings)

• 建筑类型： 

• building, house, home, apartment, condo, cabin, cottage, palace, castle, tower, skyscraper, school, hospital, church, temple, mosque, museum, library, stadium, airport, station, factory, office, mall, store, shop, restaurant, hotel, theater, cinema

• 房间与部件： room, bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, living room, dining room, hall, hallway, corridor, door, doorway, window, wall, floor, ceiling, roof, stair, staircase, elevator, basement, attic, garage, yard, garden, fence, gate

2. 物品与工具 (Objects & Tools)

• 家具： furniture, table, chair, desk, bed, sofa, couch, cabinet, shelf, drawer, mirror

• 电器与设备： 

• machine, device, tool, instrument, equipment, appliance, refrigerator, oven, stove, microwave, dishwasher, washer, dryer, vacuum, fan, air conditioner, heater, lamp, light, bulb, computer, phone, telephone, TV, television, radio, camera

• 餐具与容器： 

• plate, bowl, cup, glass, mug, fork, knife, spoon, chopsticks, pot, pan, kettle, bottle, jar, can, box, bag, basket, bucket, tube

• 衣物与饰品： 

• clothes, clothing, shirt, pants, jeans, dress, skirt, jacket, coat, sweater, hat, cap, shoe, boot, sock, underwear, uniform, costume, jewelry, ring, necklace, bracelet, watch, glasses, belt, tie, scarf, glove

• 文具与办公用品：

pen, pencil, marker, paper, notebook, book, folder, file, stapler, scissors, tape, glue, envelope, stamp

• 其他日常物品： 

• key, lock, clock, watch, wallet, purse, umbrella, toy, game, ball, doll, ticket, money, coin, bill, credit card, passport, ID, license, map, newspaper, magazine, book, album, photo, photograph, painting, sculpture, flag, banner

3. 食物与饮料 (Food & Drink)

• 餐食： food, meal, breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, snack, dessert

• 食材： 

• meat, beef, pork, chicken, fish, egg, milk, cheese, butter, yogurt, rice, bread, noodle, pasta, flour, sugar, salt, pepper, oil, vinegar, sauce, soup, salad, fruit, vegetable, bean, potato, tomato, onion, garlic, carrot, corn, apple, banana, orange, lemon

• 饮料： drink, beverage, water, juice, soda, coffee, tea, beer, wine, alcohol

• 相关动作： 

• eat, drink, cook, cooking, bake, fry, boil, grill, roast, cut, chop, slice, peel, mix, stir, taste, hungry, thirsty, full

4. 交通与运输 (Transportation & Movement)

• 交通工具： 

• vehicle, car, automobile, bus, truck, van, taxi, train, subway, plane, airplane, aircraft, helicopter, ship, boat, bicycle, bike, motorcycle, rocket, spaceship

• 道路与路径：

•  road, street, highway, freeway, path, trail, sidewalk, bridge, tunnel, intersection, traffic, route, way, direction

• 相关概念：

•  travel, traveler, trip, journey, tour, tourism, tourist, commute, speed, accident, crash, park, parking, drive, driver, passenger, pilot, captain, fuel, gasoline, engine, wheel, tire, seat, seatbelt

5. 通信与媒体 (Communication & Media)

• 方式与工具： communication, talk, speak, say, write, read, call, phone, telephone, cell phone, email, e-mail, letter, message, text, fax, radio, TV, television, internet, web, social media, newspaper, magazine, book, ad, advertising, poster, sign, signal

• 内容与类型：

•  news, information, story, article, report, essay, novel, poetry, music, song, film, movie, video, picture, photo, photograph, art, data, database, file, document, record, archives

• 相关职业：

•  journalist, reporter, editor, author, writer, poet, musician, singer, actor, actress, director, producer, publisher

6. 经济与商业 (Economy & Commerce)

• 金钱与金融： 

• money, cash, coin, bill, currency, dollar, euro, cent, price, cost, expense, income, salary, wage, profit, loss, debt, loan, credit, bank, banker, banking, account, investment, investor, market, stock, bond, tax, taxpayer, budget, fund, funding, rich, wealth, wealthy, poor, poverty

• 交易与商业： 

• business, commerce, trade, trading, buy, buyer, purchase, sell, seller, sale, sales, shop, store, mall, market, marketplace, customer, consumer, client, product, goods, service, brand, advertising, ad, contract, deal, negotiate, negotiation, competition, competitive, competitor, monopoly

• 工作与产业：

•  work, job, employment, unemployment, industry, industrial, manufacturing, factory, farm, agriculture, agricultural, technology, high-tech, service sector

7. 政治与法律 (Politics & Law)

• 政府与机构： government, state, nation, country, city, town, village, federal, local, president, prime minister, mayor, governor, senator, congress, parliament, senate, house, court, judge, jury, law, legal, illegal, constitution, constitutional, democracy, democratic, republic, monarchy, dictatorship

• 政治活动： 

• politics, political, politician, policy, election, vote, voter, campaign, candidate, party, opposition, protest, revolution, war, peace, treaty, alliance, sanction, diplomacy, diplomatic, diplomat, ambassador, summit, summit meeting

• 法律与犯罪： 

• law, legal, illegal, crime, criminal, police, policeman, detective, judge, jury, court, courtroom, trial, lawyer, attorney, prosecutor, defendant, witness, evidence, guilty, innocent, verdict, sentence, punishment, prison, jail, arrest, investigate, investigation, murder, theft, robbery, assault, fraud, corruption, terrorism, terrorist

8. 科学与技术 (Science & Technology)

• 学科领域： 

• science, scientific, scientist, biology, biological, chemistry, chemical, physics, physical, mathematics, math, engineering, engineer, computer science, psychology, psychological, psychologist, sociology, economics, economic, economist, history, historical, historian, geography, astronomy, astronomer

• 研究与方法： 

• research, researcher, experiment, experimental, theory, theoretical, hypothesis, analysis, analyze, data, evidence, proof, discover, discovery, invent, invention, innovation, innovative, technology, technological, technique, method, process, system, model, simulation

• 技术产品： 

• technology, device, machine, tool, instrument, computer, software, hardware, robot, artificial intelligence (AI), internet, website, app, smartphone, laser, satellite, telescope, microscope

第四部分：抽象概念与关系 (Abstract Concepts & Relations)

1. 时间与顺序 (Time & Sequence)

• 时间点： 

• time, now, then, past, present, future, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, morning, afternoon, evening, night, midnight, dawn, dusk, second, minute, hour, day, week, weekend, month, year, decade, century, millennium, moment, instant, age, era, period, season

• 频率与持续： 

• always, often, frequently, usually, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never, forever, permanent, temporary, brief, briefly, long, short, fast, quick, quickly, slow, slowly, early, late, lately, recent, recently, new, old, ancient, modern, contemporary, annual, annually, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly

• 顺序与阶段： 

• first, second, third, last, next, previous, prior, initial, finally, eventually, begin, beginning, start, starter, starting, end, ending, finish, middle, midst, final, phase, stage, step, process, sequence, series, order, before, after, during, while, since, until

2. 空间与方位 (Space & Location)

• 位置与方向： 

• place, location, site, spot, position, point, area, region, zone, space, room, here, there, where, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, home, abroad, away, far, near, close, distant, distance, front, back, left, right, up, upstairs, down, downstairs, above, below, beneath, under, over, top, bottom, surface, inside, interior, outside, exterior, center, middle, edge, border, boundary, between, among, around, through, across, along, beside, by, next to, toward, from, to

• 移动与路径： 

• direction, way, route, path, road, street, move, movement, go, come, arrive, leave, enter, exit, approach, reach, pass, cross

3. 数量与程度 (Quantity & Degree)

• 数量： 

• amount, quantity, number, count, many, much, more, most, few, fewer, little, less, least, some, any, several, numerous, multiple, single, double, triple, half, whole, total, entire, all, none, zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, hundred, thousand, million, billion

• 程度与强度： degree, level, extent, very, extremely, highly, quite, rather, fairly, somewhat, slightly, a little, too, enough, sufficient, insufficient, absolute, absolutely, complete, completely, total, totally, partial, partially, strong, strongly, weak, weakly, intense, intensely, severe, severely, serious, seriously, deep, deeply, shallow, big, large, small, tiny, huge, enormous, massive, giant, vast, major, minor, main, primary, secondary, significant, significantly, important, importance, crucial, critical, essential, vital, necessary, necessity, optional, possible, impossible, probable, likely, unlikely, certain, uncertain, definite, indefinite

4. 质量与属性 (Quality & Attribute)

• 评价性： 

• good, bad, better, best, worst, nice, great, excellent, wonderful, fantastic, terrible, awful, horrible, beautiful, ugly, pretty, handsome, attractive, unattractive, interesting, boring, exciting, dull, fun, funny, humorous, serious, silly, stupid, foolish, smart, intelligent, clever, wise, foolish, brave, cowardly, honest, dishonest, kind, unkind, mean, cruel, gentle, rough, polite, rude, patient, impatient, calm, nervous, relaxed, tense, happy, sad, angry, scared, surprised

• 物理属性： 

• big, small, large, tiny, long, short, tall, high, low, wide, narrow, thick, thin, heavy, light, hard, soft, strong, weak, fast, slow, hot, cold, warm, cool, dry, wet, clean, dirty, new, old, young, fresh, stale, bright, dark, loud, quiet, smooth, rough, sharp, blunt, sweet, sour, bitter, salty, spicy

• 状态与条件：

•  state, condition, status, situation, circumstance, alive, dead, asleep, awake, conscious, unconscious, healthy, sick, broken, fixed, open, closed, full, empty, busy, free, available, unavailable, ready, prepared, safe, dangerous, secure, insecure, stable, unstable, clear, confused, simple, complicated, complex, easy, difficult, possible, impossible

5. 逻辑与关系 (Logic & Relation)

• 因果关系： 

• cause, reason, because, since, as, therefore, thus, hence, so, result, consequence, effect, affect, lead to, due to, owing to

• 对比与让步： but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, although, though, even though, while, whereas, despite, in spite of, on the other hand, in contrast, compare, comparison, contrast, different, difference, same, similar, similarity, opposite, opposition

• 条件与假设： 

• if, unless, provided that,  assuming,  suppose,  hypothesis,  case,  scenario,  possibility,  possible,  impossible,  likely,  unlikely

• 目的与功能： purpose, goal, aim, objective, target, intention, for, to, in order to, so that, function, role

• 其他关系： and, or, nor, with, without, of, about, regarding, concerning, according to, based on, related to, relevant, irrelevant, part, whole, section, portion, piece, element, component, factor, aspect, feature, characteristic

第五部分：功能词与高频词 (Function Words & High-Frequency Words)

• 这些词难以归入具体语义场，但构成语言骨架。

1. 代词 (Pronouns)

I, you, he, she, it, we, they, me, him, her, us, them, my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, this, that, these, those, who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever

2. 介词 (Prepositions)

about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, despite, down, during, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, past, since, through, throughout, to, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, within, without

3. 连词 (Conjunctions)

and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, although, because, since, unless, while, whereas, if, only if, provided that, so that, in order that, after, before, when, whenever, as, once, since, until, till, where, wherever, than, as...as, so...as, whether...or, both...and, either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also

4. 冠词与限定词 (Articles & Determiners)

a, an, the, this, that, these, those, my, your, his, her, its, our, their, some, any, no, every, each, all, both, half, either, neither, much, many, few, little, several, enough, what, which, whose, whatever, whichever, whosever

5. 助动词与情态动词 (Auxiliaries & Modals)

be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been), have (has, had), do (does, did), will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought to

6. 副词 (Adverbs) - 尤其那些表程度、方式、频率的

• 程度： very, too, so, quite, rather, fairly, pretty, extremely, absolutely, completely, totally, entirely, fully, highly, deeply, strongly, badly, hardly, scarcely

• 方式： well, badly, hard, fast, quickly, slowly, easily, carefully, clearly, obviously, apparently, naturally, suddenly, immediately, soon, early, late

• 频率： always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never, ever, constantly, frequently, generally, normally, regularly

• 地点： here, there, where, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, away, out, in, up, down, upstairs, downstairs, nearby, far away

• 时间： now, then, today, tomorrow, yesterday, tonight, soon, early, late, recently, lately, currently, presently, already, yet, still, just, immediately, eventually, finally, ago, before, after, since

• 肯定/否定： yes, no, not, never, neither, nor

• 连接性： therefore, however, moreover, furthermore, thus, hence, consequently, meanwhile, otherwise, instead

7. 常见动词 (Common Verbs) - 最基本、最通用的动作动词

be, have, do, say, get, make, go, know, take, see, come, think, look, want, give, use, find, tell, ask, work, seem, feel, try, leave, call

8. 常见形容词 (Common Adjectives) - 最基本、最通用的描述词

good, bad, new, old, young, big, small, large, little, great, high, low, long, short, early, late, hard, easy, strong, weak, important, different, same, other, next, last, first, right, wrong, true, false, possible, impossible, able, unable, certain, uncertain, clear, obvious

9. 感叹词与填充词 (Interjections & Fillers)

oh, ah, wow, oops, hey, hi, hello, goodbye, please, sorry, thanks, thank you, excuse me, well, um, uh, mm-hmm, yeah, yes, no, okay, OK, alright

原始印欧语词根分类：

1. *bhel- (to shine, flash, burn) / *dheu- (to rise in a cloud, smoke, fume)

共同核心概念：亮、光、燃烧、烟

• blaze, blond, blank, bleach, blind (与“白色”、“光亮”或“耀眼”相关)

• dawn, day (白天的光)

• fume, dust (烟尘)

2. *gen(e)- (to give birth, beget)

共同核心概念：出生、种族、种类

• gene, generate, generation, genetic, genius, generous, genuine, gentle, gentleman, genus, pregnant, engine, kin, kind, king (核心都与“诞生”、“家族”、“天性”相关)

3. *sta- (to stand, make firm)

共同核心概念：站立、建立、稳固

• stand, statue, status, state, station, stable, stage, stay, static, contrast, circumstance, constant, constitute, establish, instance, instant, substance, understand, system, assist, exist, obstacle, persist, restore, stance (核心都包含“站立”、“设立”的意象)

4. *dhe- (to put, place, set)

共同核心概念：放置、安放、设定

• do, deed, donor, dose, edit, tradition, condition, addition, abandon, facade, factor, fashion, feasible, defeat, affect, perfect, defect, infection, benefit, profit, suffice, difficult, facility, officer, office, artificial, sacrifice, efficiency, deficiency, financial, finish, finite, define, confine, refine (极其庞大的词根，与“做、放置、设定”动作相关，衍生出大量表示行为、结果、状态的名词和形容词)

5. *kerd- (heart)

共同核心概念：心脏、中心

• cardiac, cordial, courage, core, record, accord, concord, discord (与“心”的物理或隐喻意义相关)

6. *leg- (to collect, gather)

共同核心概念：收集、说话

• collect, elect, select, lecture, legend, dialect, dialogue, logic, legal, legislator, legitimate, colleague, college, delegate, privilege, intelligent, neglect, sacrilege (一支发展为“收集、选择”，一支发展为“说、读”，一支发展为“法律”)

• 注： "log" (木头) 和 "language" 实际上可能源自不同词根。

7. *ghedh- (to unite, join)

共同核心概念：联合、加入

• gather, together, good (古义为“联合的”)

8. *dyeu- / *DEI- (to shine)

共同核心概念：天空、光亮、神

• divine, deity, Jupiter, diary, dial, dismal, meridian, journey, adieu, Tuesday (一支发展为“神、天堂”，一支发展为“白天、时间”)

9. *me- (to measure)

共同核心概念：测量

• measure, meter, dimension, immense, geometry, month, moon, meal, medal, moderate, mode, model, modest, modify, modulate, commodity, metronome (与“测量、限度、模式”相关)

10. *ped- (foot)

共同核心概念：脚、步行

• pedal, pedestrian, pedestal, expedition, impede, centipede, podium, tripod, octopus, pew, pioneer (许多与“脚”或“支撑物”相关)

11. *man- (hand)

共同核心概念：手

• manual, manufacture, manipulate, manuscript, manage, manacle, mandate, manicure, emancipate, maneuver, maintain (与“手作、控制”相关)

12. *bher- (to carry, bear)

共同核心概念：携带、承受、生产

• bear, burden, birth, bring, burden, bairn, bring, bring, berth, fertile, differ, infer, prefer, refer, transfer, offer, suffer, circumference, periphery (一支发展为“携带、生产”，一支发展为“承受”，一支与“带来”和拉丁语前缀 fer- 相关，表示“携带、带来”并衍生出许多动词)

13. *weid- (to see)

共同核心概念：看见、知道

• video, vision, evident, provide, advice, revise, supervise, visit, idea, history, story, wit, wise, wisdom, guide, guise (与“看、知晓”相关，是视觉和认知类词汇的重要源头)

14. *kaput- (head)

共同核心概念：头

• cap, captain, capital, chapter, cabbage, achieve, biceps, decapitate, chief, chef, handkerchief, mischief, precipice, recapitulate (与“头、首领、首要”相关)

15. *dwo- (two)

共同核心概念：二、双

• two, twelve, twenty, twin, twice, between, dual, duel, duplex, double, doubt, dubious, diploma, combine (与数字“二”及“双重性”相关)