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Fortran调用子程序时,实参和形参的存储空间是共用的吗?

已有 14668 次阅读 2013-1-22 14:00 |系统分类:教学心得

默认地,fortran程序中调用子程序时,参数传递的是地址,而不是值。这点应该是大家都知道的。既然传递的是地址,那么子程序和主程序中的变量 或数组是不是存储空间是同一段空间呢?这可不一定,要看情况了。为此,写了下面这个简单程序进行测试,目的是在主程序和子程序分别打印数组元素的地址以及 a(1,1)的值的变化:

program main
integer i,j
integer a(10,10)

do i=1,10
    do j=1,10
        a(i,j)=i*j
    enddo
enddo

write(6,*)'The addresses of all the elements of array a:'
do i =1, 10
    do j = 1,10
        write(6,*)j,i,loc(a(j,i))
    enddo
enddo

write(6,*)'The address of a(2,2) in the subroutine:'
call submatrix(a(2,2))

write(6,*)'The addresses of a(1:5,1) in the subroutine:'
a(1,1)=1
call submatrix2(a(1:5,1),5,1)
write(6,*)'a(1,1)=',a(1,1)

write(6,*)'The addresses of a(1:10,1:2) in the subroutine:'
a(1,1)=1
call submatrix2(a(1:10,1:2),10,2)
write(6,*)'a(1,1)=',a(1,1)

write(6,*)'The addresses of a(1:5,1:5) in the subroutine:'
a(1,1)=1
call submatrix2(a(1:5,1:5),5,5)
write(6,*)'a(1,1)=',a(1,1)
end

subroutine submatrix(b)
integer b
write(6,*)2,2,loc(b)
end

subroutine submatrix2(b,m,n)
integer i,j,m,n
integer b(m,n)

do i =1, n
     do j =1,m
        write(6,*)j,i,loc(b(j,i))
     enddo
enddo
b(1,1)=100000
end

运行的结果是:

 The addresses of all the elements of array a:
            1            1                  6446624
            2            1                  6446628
            3            1                  6446632
            4            1                  6446636
            5            1                  6446640
            6            1                  6446644
            7            1                  6446648
            8            1                  6446652
            9            1                  6446656
           10            1                  6446660
            1            2                  6446664
            2            2                  6446668
            3            2                  6446672
            4            2                  6446676
            5            2                  6446680
            6            2                  6446684
            7            2                  6446688
            8            2                  6446692
            9            2                  6446696
           10            2                  6446700
            1            3                  6446704
            2            3                  6446708
            3            3                  6446712
            4            3                  6446716
            5            3                  6446720
            6            3                  6446724
            7            3                  6446728
            8            3                  6446732
            9            3                  6446736
           10            3                  6446740
            1            4                  6446744
            2            4                  6446748
            3            4                  6446752
            4            4                  6446756
            5            4                  6446760
            6            4                  6446764
            7            4                  6446768
            8            4                  6446772
            9            4                  6446776
           10            4                  6446780
            1            5                  6446784
            2            5                  6446788
            3            5                  6446792
            4            5                  6446796
            5            5                  6446800
            6            5                  6446804
            7            5                  6446808
            8            5                  6446812
            9            5                  6446816
           10            5                  6446820
            1            6                  6446824
            2            6                  6446828
            3            6                  6446832
            4            6                  6446836
            5            6                  6446840
            6            6                  6446844
            7            6                  6446848
            8            6                  6446852
            9            6                  6446856
           10            6                  6446860
            1            7                  6446864
            2            7                  6446868
            3            7                  6446872
            4            7                  6446876
            5            7                  6446880
            6            7                  6446884
            7            7                  6446888
            8            7                  6446892
            9            7                  6446896
           10            7                  6446900
            1            8                  6446904
            2            8                  6446908
            3            8                  6446912
            4            8                  6446916
            5            8                  6446920
            6            8                  6446924
            7            8                  6446928
            8            8                  6446932
            9            8                  6446936
           10            8                  6446940
            1            9                  6446944
            2            9                  6446948
            3            9                  6446952
            4            9                  6446956
            5            9                  6446960
            6            9                  6446964
            7            9                  6446968
            8            9                  6446972
            9            9                  6446976
           10            9                  6446980
            1           10                  6446984
            2           10                  6446988
            3           10                  6446992
            4           10                  6446996
            5           10                  6447000
            6           10                  6447004
            7           10                  6447008
            8           10                  6447012
            9           10                  6447016
           10           10                  6447020
 The address of a(2,2) in the subroutine:  
            2            2                  6446668
 The addresses of a(1:5,1) in the subroutine:
            1            1                  6446624
            2            1                  6446628
            3            1                  6446632
            4            1                  6446636
            5            1                  6446640
 a(1,1)=       100000   
 The addresses of a(1:10,1:2) in the subroutine:
            1            1                  6446624
            2            1                  6446628
            3            1                  6446632
            4            1                  6446636
            5            1                  6446640
            6            1                  6446644
            7            1                  6446648
            8            1                  6446652
            9            1                  6446656
           10            1                  6446660
            1            2                  6446664
            2            2                  6446668
            3            2                  6446672
            4            2                  6446676
            5            2                  6446680
            6            2                  6446684
            7            2                  6446688
            8            2                  6446692
            9            2                  6446696
           10            2                  6446700
 a(1,1)=       100000
 The addresses of a(1:5,1:5) in the subroutine:
            1            1                193762304
            2            1                193762308
            3            1                193762312
            4            1                193762316
            5            1                193762320
            1            2                193762324
            2            2                193762328
            3            2                193762332
            4            2                193762336
            5            2                193762340
            1            3                193762344
            2            3                193762348
            3            3                193762352
            4            3                193762356
            5            3                193762360
            1            4                193762364
            2            4                193762368
            3            4                193762372
            4            4                193762376
            5            4                193762380
            1            5                193762384
            2            5                193762388
            3            5                193762392
            4            5                193762396
            5            5                193762400
 a(1,1)=       100000

结 果说明,如果我只传递一个数组元素如A(2,2)或者连续的一段空间如A(1:5,1)或者A(1:10,1:2),则在主程序中和子程序中的地址是完全 一样的。但如果是不连续的,如A(1:5,1:5),则在主程序和子程序中的地址是不同的。注意我的数组定义的是A(10,10)。 因此,对不连续的情形,似乎主程序和子程序的数组并不在相同的存储空间,而是在子程序里另外开辟了空间,建立了主程序中的地址到子程序中的地址的一个对应。 由于在子程序中改变数组元素的值,主程序中也跟着发生改变(注意看a(1,1)的变化),所以肯定传递的不是值。既然不是值,而数组元素的地址又不一样, 所以只能推断开辟了另一段存储空间,同时主程序和子程序之间的元素地址有一种对应关系,子程序中元素的值发生改变,主程序中对应元素的值也会跟着改变。我 们说开辟了新的存储空间,还有两个证据:1. 在子程序中的数组里,A(1:5,1:5)的25个元素的地址是连续的,在主程序里当然不是连续的;2. 测试表明,在最后一种情形下,即只调用A(1:5,1:5)的情形,你要在子程序里打印A(6,6)的值,得到的是一个不确定的值,给A(6,6)赋值, 在主程序里相应数组元素的值并没有改变。这进一步说明了,在不连续情形下,在子程序里开辟了一段新的存储空间。

所以,结论是,如果调用时 传递的是一段连续的空间,那么不会建立新的数组,如果传递的是不连续的空间,则会建立一个新的数组。在不连续情形下,主程序中相应的元素的值会传递过去, 同时,地址之间也会建立一种对应关系。或者是不是内部建立了一个指针数组,指向的还是主程序中的存储空间。究竟是哪种情况,我也不清楚了。

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