蒙娜丽莎神秘微笑不但让中国瓷砖商们抢注，艺术家们临摹，电影导演们沉迷，流行歌手们疯狂（相关代表作见：电影《达芬奇密码》，林志炫《Mona Lisa》）。认知神经心理学家们也长期迷醉于斯，最近发表在Medical Hypotheses 和 Psychological Science两个杂志上的文章，更是从不同角度，解读了为什么“蒙娜丽莎”的微笑如此神秘。

    印度Vivekananda医学院的Chakravarty用艺术(美学)神经科学里的‘dynamism’原理来进行解释。这个原理是说，艺术家们通常利用实际静态的东西来表现动态的视幻觉。这种手法用得最出名的要算日本的葛饰北斋，比如大家最常看到的这幅《神奈川海浪》

 

神奈川海浪

就出于这位日本大师之手。当然，他有本《北斋漫画》，很多人认为是日本现代漫画创作的鼻祖。这种视幻觉可能是通过额叶皮层的想象活动与视觉皮层运动相关区域(即V5/MT区)的连同作用造成的。与以前关于动态艺术的原理不同，达芬奇巧妙的通过蒙娜丽莎嘴角的角度变化，来唤起这种微笑的视幻觉，从而创造了这一伟大的艺术品。

    奥地利认知神经心理学家Bohrn可不这么认为，他们觉得 “蒙娜丽莎”微笑的神秘来自于关注点。如果观察者直视蒙娜丽莎双眼，会感觉她嘴角露出微笑，但如果关注点转至蒙娜丽莎嘴部，这丝微笑就会“神秘”消失。达芬奇独到之处在于采用了分层次渲染，在蒙娜丽莎的嘴角处呈现出有层次地细微变化。当关注点转至蒙娜丽莎嘴部时，这种层次渲染技法使周围柔和的阴影中和了蒙娜丽莎的微笑，从而微笑就“神秘”消失。

    鉴于以上意见不统一，博主觉得“蒙娜丽莎”的微笑更加神秘了

扩展阅读：

Psychological Science

Mona Lisa's Smile—Perception or Deception?

Isabel Bohrn et al.

Abstract

What gives Mona Lisa's smile such a mysterious quality? Livingstone (2000) has suggested that the portrait changes its expression depending on where on the portrait the observer looks. The mouth, which is the essential feature of Mona Lisa’s remarkable expression_r(Kontsevich & Tyler, 2004), appears to form an enigmatic smile. Due to sfumato technique (Gombrich, 2005), this impression of a smile is more prominent in the gradual luminance changes that observers perceive mainly in the periphery of their vision—that is, in low spatial-frequency ranges. It is less prominent in the fine details that observers perceive only at the center of their gaze, in high spatial-frequency ranges.1 Consequently, the subtle smile one perceives while looking at Mona Lisa's eyes (when her mouth appears blurred) vanishes when one attempts to verify this impression by looking at the mouth with maximum visual acuity. Hence, the proposed basis for the elusive quality of Mona Lisa's smile is that “you can't catch her smile by looking at her mouth. She smiles until you look at her mouth” (Livingstone, 2000, p. 1299).

In this study, we simulated the phenomenon for the first time experimentally via a saccade-contingent display-change technique that allowed us to subliminally alter the expression of faces depending on the beholder’s gaze position.

 

Med Hypotheses

Mona Lisa's smile: A hypothesis based on a new principle of art neuroscience.

Chakravarty

Abstract

The smile on Mona Lisa's face remains enigmatous and a topic of much discussion in art circle over the centuries. In this essay the author proposes a new principle of art neuroscience or the science of aesthetics namely 'dynamism' which artists often employ to impart an illusion of movement in their art works which are essentially static. This illusion is possibly generated through imaginative thinking which involves frontal cortical activation in the viewer's brain coupled with activation of the motion area (area V5/MT) of the viewer's visual cortex. It is suggested that this principle of dynamism is somewhat different from the previously described concept of kinetic art. The author hypothesizes that the great painter Leonardo da Vinci very intelligently painted the angles of the mouth of Mona Lisa's face to evoke this illusion of movement (smile) to increase the aesthetic value of this great work of art. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

参考文献

Bohrn I, Carbon CC, & Hutzler F (2010). Mona Lisa's smile--perception or deception? Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS, 21 (3), 378-80 PMID: 20424073

 

Chakravarty, A. (2010). Mona Lisa’s smile: A hypothesis based on a new principle of art neuroscience Medical Hypotheses DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.032

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