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已经完成基因组测序或正在进行基因组测序的陆生植物及其基因组大小(1pg等于978Mb)
1. 拟南芥Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) (114.5 Mb/125 Mb total) has been sequenced in the year 2000 5 Chr.
2. 水稻 rice Oryza sativa 389Mbp 430mb 12 Chr. Indica 466Mb 12n
3. 大麦barley 5439 Mbp
4. 小麦 wheat Triticum aestivum ABD*7=21条染色体 六倍体面包小麦ABD 2n=6X=42 16979 Mb 硬粒小麦12030Mb 一粒小麦 5700 Mb 二倍体Aegilops tauschii (D基因组来源)is a wild plant species that is diploid (2n = 14) with genome size about 4000 Mb. Triticum aestivum is the product of hybridization between Triticum turgidum (AABB) and Ae. tauschii (DD)
5. 燕麦Avena sativa (oat) 2n = 6x = 42) oat species with a genome of about 11000 Mbp
6. 玉米 maize Zea mays 2365Mbp 10Chr.
7. 高梁sorghum bicolor 760 Mbp 10Chr.
8. 二穗短柄草Brachypodium distachyon(common name purple false brome 紫色假燕麦)2n=2x=10 164Mb model cereal, biofuel
9. 谷子foxtail millet 栗,小米,狗尾栗 Setaria italica 515 Mb 9 chromosomes: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX 遗传图谱Devos_98
10. 杨树 poplar tree populus trichocarpa 480mb 19n
11. 葡萄 graperine vitis vinifera 19 Chr. 500 Mb 2n = 38
12. 蕃木瓜 papaya Carica papaya 9Chr. 372 Mb
13. 马铃薯potato 850 Mbp 12 Chr. Solanum tuberosum L
14. 烟草 N. tabacum is an amphiploid species (2n=48) likely resulting from an interspecific cross between N. sylvestris (2n=24) and N. tomentosiformis (2n=24), and at approximately 4.5 billion base pairs
15. 苜蓿 medicago Medicago Truncatula 500mb 8n
16. 大豆soybean 20 chromosomes unknown chromosome size
17. 百脉根(Lotus japonicus)MG-20 472 6n Weed legume with a small genome
18. 番茄 tomato Solanum lycopersicum 950 Mb 12n
19. 松树 pine
20. 洋葱 onion Allium cepa 15000 Mb distributed over 8 large chromosomes
21. 芹菜Apium graveolens (celery) 11 chromosomes
22. 石卷柏Asparagus officinalis (garden asparagus) 10 chromosomes
23. 香蕉banana
24. 白菜Brassica oleracea甘蓝 B. rapa白菜 B. nupus 油菜an allotetraploid (AACC genome type, 2n = 38).
25. 芥菜Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) polyploid having AABB genome type and 18 haploid chromosomes
26. 蓖麻Castor bean Ricinus communis ~400 Mbp 10n
27. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 100Mb 17n
28. 蓝桉Eucalyptus globulus 600Mb 11n
29. Ostreococcus lucimarinus CCE9901 13.25mb 21 n
30. Ostreococcus tauri OTH95 12.5mb 20n
31. Physcomitrella patens subsp. patens 511mb 27n
32. 木薯Manihot esculenta (cassava) 760-770 Mb with 18 haploid chromosomes Root crop that grows in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world
33. 甜菜Beta vulgaris (beet) 758 Mb 2N=18
34. 茶Camellia sinensis (tea) 15 chromosomes
35. 胡椒Capsicum annuum (pepper) 2,700 Mbp with 2n=24 chromosomes
36. 柚子Citrus maxima (pomelo orange) 9 chromosomes
37. 榛子Corylus avellana (hazelnut) 11 chromosomes
38. 胡萝卜Daucus carota (carrot)
39. 穇子Eleusine coracana (finger millet) 18 chromosomes an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 40) cereal
40. Eragrostis tef (tef) 20 chromosomes C-4 metabolism
41. 牛毛草Festuca pratensis (meadow fescue) 7 chromosomes
EST: expressed sequence tags
GSS:genome survey sequence
HTG:high throughput genomic sequence
WGS:
PLN
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/leuks.cgi?p3=11:Plants&taxgroup=11:Plants|12%3A
谷子
Principal Investigators: J.L. Bennetzen, K.M. Devos, A.N. Doust, E.A. Kellogg, D. Ware, and J. Zale
Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a diploid grass with a relatively small genome (~515 Mb). It is an important grain crop in temperate, subtropical, and tropical Asia and in parts of southern Europe, and is grown for forage in North America,
耧斗菜
A central goal of biology is to understand the natural genetic variation that is responsible for environmental adaptations, leading to species and higher-order taxa. In order to understand the key features of angiosperm (flowering plant) evolution, we need genomic resources for model organisms from lineages reaching far back toward the base of the evolutionary tree. Aquilegia is a member of the basal-most eudicot clade (Ranunculales) and thus is positioned nearly equidistant between the current model systems Arabidopsis and rice. The genus has been used in numerous ecological and evolutionary studies, including speciation due to pollinator shifts, specialization for soil type, mating system evolution, floral development, and adaptive radiation (adaptation of different forms of organisms to different living conditions). The genus is especially well known for its diversity of floral form associated with different pollinators. In addition, nearly all species can be crossed to produce fertile hybrids, making the genetic dissection of this vast diversity possible.
Having the genome sequence for a species representing such a crucial evolutionary node in angiosperm evolution will greatly enhance our understanding of how plant genomes evolve. Furthermore, this sequence will lead to a much deeper understanding of the evolution of morphological, physiological, reproductive, and biochemical innovations found among angiosperms. In addition, Aquilegia offers the opportunity to understand how plants adapt to both biotic and abiotic factors in the environment. Such studies will be especially important for understanding how plants adapt, at the molecular level, to a changing environment such as that resulting from global climate change. For example, A. formosa has a range from Alaska to southern California and spans elevations from sea level to over 10,000 feet, allowing opportunities to study adaptation to different light, temperature, and rainfall extremes. New species of Aquilegia have colonized these different habitats following the major climate changes occurring after the last ice age.
Aquilegia is now poised as an ideal species for whole-genome sequencing. This sequencing will elevate Aquilegia’s status as an attractive model, allowing our collaborators and many newcomers to investigate plant evolution at a new level.
Principal Investigators: Scott A. Hodges (UC Santa Barbara), Justin O. Borevitz (Univ. of Chicago), Elena Kramer (Harvard Univ.), Magnus Nordborg (Univ. of Southern California), and Jeff Tomkins (Clemson Univ.)
拟南芥
Sequencing Arabidopsis lyrata and Capsella rubella, close relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana, will leverage the rich information now available for A. thaliana, arguably the most important reference plant. Arabidopsis lyrata is the closest well-characterized relative in the same genus as A. thaliana, and Capsella is the closest well-characterized genus. Several technologies are currently being used to generate a nearly complete account of intra-species polymorphisms for A. thaliana, a first for any reference organism. The value of this information will be greatly enhanced with information from close relatives.
杨树
Traditional genetic breeding approaches in forestry are limited by the large size, long generation interval, and out-crossing mating system of most trees. Sequence information will enable forest tree biologists to begin large-scale, thorough analyses of genes and other genetic motifs. This will not only shed light on basic science questions but will also lead to improved plant materials for the forest products industry and ultimately allow selection of novel traits that could be used to address questions related to the energy-related mission of the Department of Energy. Populus (poplar) species are used in activities ranging from carbon sequestration research, to free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) studies, and to the development of fast-growing trees as a renewable bioenergy resource. The sequencing effort will also inform applications of phytoremediation, where trees can be used to remediate hazardous waste sites.
For more information, see the Populus trichocarpa white paper.
二穗短柄草
The temperate wild grass species Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is a new model plant for temperate grasses and herbaceous energy crops. Temperate grass species such as wheat, barley, and forage grasses underpin our food supply. However, the size and complexity of their genomes is a major barrier to biotechnological improvement. Similarly, while herbaceous energy crops (especially grasses) are poised to become a major source of renewable energy in the
Brachypodium is closely related to the cool-season grasses and is an emerging model system for the diverse and economically important grain, forage and turf crops that these groups encompass. The small Brachypodium genome can be used as an accurate template for the much larger polyploid genomes of crops such as wheat and barley. Moreover, since Brachypodium is inbreeding, small in stature, can be grown rapidly, and is amenable to transformation it can be used as a functional model to gain the knowledge about basic grass biology necessary to develop superior energy crops. This combination of desirable attributes underlies the burgeoning research interest in the species. A whole-genome shotgun sequence (WGS) of the Brachypodium Bd21 genome, supplemented by a complete set of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), will be a cornerstone resource for a vigorous research community seeking to promote the development of new energy crops and to contribute to global food security.
Principal Investigators: Jeff Chang (Oregon State Univ.), Michael Bevan (John Innes Centre), David Garvin (USDA-ARS), Samuel Hazen (Scripps Research Inst.), Todd Michael (Salk Inst.), Todd Mockler (Oregon State University), and John Vogel (USDA-ARS)
二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon)是一种温带禾草,归属禾本科早熟禾亚科短柄草族短柄草属,具有基因组小、株型小、自花授粉、一年生、生命周期短、有二倍体和一系列多倍体、易培植、易转化等诸多优点,尤其是与很多重要的谷类作物如小麦、大麦、燕麦、玉米、水稻、高梁等以及许多牧草与草坪草有较近的亲缘关系,因而是温带禾本科植物功能基因纽学以及生物能源作物(如柳枝稷)研究的理想模式植物。