|||
R-CALCULUS, II: Many-Valued Logics
LI Wei and SUI Yuefei
Springer 2022, ISBN 978-981-16-9293-2
PREFACE
R-Calculus for PL | Springer Nature Link
R-calculus is a Gentzen-type deduction system which is nonmonotonic, and is a concrete belief revision operator which is proved to satisfy the AGM postulates and the DP postulates. This book is to show that in many-valued logics, each R-calculus is a combination of one monotonic tableau proof system and one nonmonotonic one. We consider R-calculi in propositional logic, description logic, threevalued logic, B2 2 -valued propositional logic. For each value ∗,
• there is a monotonic tableau proof system T∗ and a nonmonotonic tableau proof system S∗, which compose of an R-calculus R∗; and
• there is a monotonic tableau proof system T∗ and a nonmonotonic tableau proof system S ∗ , which compose of an R-calculus R∗ . Hence, each R-calculus is nonmonotonic. We also consider the product and sum of two logics.
For product, we will show that
(i) at the value-level, B22 -valued PL is the product of two B2-valued PL;
(ii) at the logical level, each tableau proof system in B22 -valued PL is the product of two tableau proof systems in B2-valued PL, and
(iii) at the revision level, each R-calculus in B2 2 -valued PL is the product of two R-calculi in B2-valued PL.
For sum without common element, we will show that
(i) L3-valued PL is the sum of two B2-valued PL;
(ii) each tableau proof system in L3-valued PL is the sum of two tableau proof systems in B2-valued PL, and
(iii) each R-calculus in L3-valued PL is the sum of two R-calculi in B2- valued PL;
and for sum with common element, we will show that
(iv) L4-valued PL is the sum of two B2-valued PL;
(v) each tableau proof system in L4-valued PL is the sum of two tableau proof systems in B2-valued PL, and
(vi) each R-calculus in L4-valued PL is the sum of two R-calculi in B2- valued PL;
We consider the algebraical and logical properties of tableau proof systems and R-calculi in many-valued logics. We wish that the contents in this book will inspire new ideas in logical research of this century.
Li Wei, Sui Yuefei
2018,9,30
Contents
1 Introduction 10
1.1 R-calculus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Many-valued logics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Contents in the first volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Contents in this volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5 Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2 R-Calculus For PL 22
2.1 Basic definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Monotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1 Tableau proof system Tf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2 Tableau proof system Tt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3 Nonmonotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.1 Tableau proof system St. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.2 Tableau proof system Sf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1 R-calculus Rt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.2 R-calculus Rf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5 Projecting R-calculi to tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . 39
2.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 R-Calculus For Description Logic 42
3.1 Basic definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 Monotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.1 Tableau proof system Tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.2 Tableau proof system Tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3 Nonmonotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.1 Tableau proof system St. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3.2 Tableau proof system Sf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4 R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.1 R-calculus Rt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4.2 R-calculus Rf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.5 Projecting R-calculi to tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . 57
4 R-Calculus For L3-Valued PL 61
4.1 Basic definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.2 Monotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2.1 Tableau proof system Tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2.2 Tableau proof system Tm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2.3 Tableau proof system Tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.3 Nonmonotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3.1 Tableau proof system St. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.2 Tableau proof system Sm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3.3 Tableau proof system Sf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.4 R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.4.1 R-calculus Rt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.4.2 R-calculus Rm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.4.3 R-calculus Rf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.5 Satisfiability and unsatisfiability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5.1 t-satisfiability and t-unsatisfiability . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5.2 m-satisfiability and m-unsatisfiability . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.5.3 f-satisfiability and f-unsatisfiability . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.6 Projecting R-calculi to tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . 84
4.7 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5 R-Calculus For L3-Valued PL,II 89
5.1 Monotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1.1 Tableau proof system Tt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.1.2 Tableau proof system Tm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1.3 Tableau proof system Tf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2 Nonmonotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.1 Tableau proof system St . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.2 Tableau proof system Sm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2.3 Tableau proof system Sf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3 R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.1 R-calculus Rt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3.2 R-calculus Rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3.3 R-calculus Rf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.4 Validity and invalidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.4.1 t-invalidity and t-validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.4.2 m-invalidity and m-validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.4.3 f-invalidity and f-validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.5 Projecting R-calculi to tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . 107
6 R-Calculus For B22-Valued PL 110
6.1 Basic definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2 Monotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.1 Tableau proof system Tt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.2.2 Tableau proof system T⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.2.3 Tableau proof system T⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.2.4 Tableau proof system Tf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
6.3 Nonmonotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.3.1 Tableau proof system St. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
6.3.2 Tableau proof system S⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.3.3 Tableau proof system S⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
6.3.4 Tableau proof system Sf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6.4 R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.4.1 R-calculus Rt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6.4.2 R-calculus R⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.4.3 R-calculus R⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.4.4 R-calculus Rf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.5 Projecting R-calculi to tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . 142
6.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7 R-Calculus For B22-Valued PL,II 147
7.1 Monotonic tableau proof systems T∗1∗2. . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7.1.1 Tableau proof system Tt⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
7.1.2 Tableau proof system Tt⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
7.1.3 Tableau proof system Tt⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7.1.4 Tableau proof system Tt⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.2 Nonmonotonic tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.2.1 Tableau proof system St⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
7.2.2 Tableau proof system St⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
7.2.3 Tableau proof system St⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
7.2.4 Tableau proof system St⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.3 R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
7.3.1 R-calculus Rt⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.3.2 R-calculus Rt⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.3.3 R-calculus Rf⊤ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.3.4 R-calculus Rf⊥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
7.4 Projecting R-calculi to tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . 169
7.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
8 Co-R-Calculus For PL 173
8.1 Co-R-calculi in propositional logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
8.1.1 Co-R-calculus Ut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
8.1.2 Co-R-calculus Uf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
8.2 Co-R-calculi in L3-valued PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8.2.1 Co-R-calculus Ut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
8.2.2 Co-R-calculus Um. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.2.3 Co-R-calculus Uf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.3 Co-R-calculi in B22-valued propositional logic . . . . . . . . . 185
8.3.1 Co-R-calculus Ut4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
9 Product of Two R-Calculi 192
9.1 Tableau proof systems in modalized PL . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
9.1.1 Monotonic tableau proof systems Pt2/Pf2. . . . . . . . 194
9.1.2 Nonmonotonic tableau proof systems Qt2/Qf2. . . . . 194
9.2 Product of B2-valued PLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
9.2.1 Tableau proof system Pt4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
9.2.2 Tableau proof system Pt4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
9.2.3 Tableau proof system Qt4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.3 Product of two R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.3.1 R-calculi Rt2 and Rf2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.3.2 R-calculus Ut4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9.4 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
10 Sum of Two R-Calculi 220
10.1 The sum with one common element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
10.1.1 B2[f, m] ⊕ B2[m, t] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
10.1.2 Operators on tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . 222
10.1.3 Sum of tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
10.2 R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10.2.1 R-calculi in PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10.2.2 R-calculi R∗3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.3 L4-valued PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10.3.1 Tableau proof system Tt4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.3.2 Tableau proof system T⊤4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
10.3.3 Tableau proof system T⊥4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
10.3.4 Tableau proof system Tf4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10.4 Sum of tableau proof systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
10.4.1 Tt4 =∼2(Tt2) ⊕ Tt2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
10.4.2 T4t = T2⊥ ⊕ T2t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
10.4.3 St4= S⊥2 ⊕ St2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
10.5 Sum of R-calculi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
10.5.1 Rt4 ≡ R⊥2 ⊕ Rt2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
10.6 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )
GMT+8, 2026-3-8 06:16
Powered by ScienceNet.cn
Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社