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固体样品中挥发性化合物提取技术——进样器萃取技术（SSPE)
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进样器萃取技术
“进样器萃取技术”并非一个标准、独立的分析化学术语，但在实际科研与仪器分析语境中，可定义为：是对将样品萃取（富集/净化）步骤与进样过程集成化、微型化的一类技术的统称。
其核心思想是：利用进样装置（如注射器、自动进样针或专用探针）作为萃取载体或执行单元，在完成萃取的同时实现或简化后续进样操作。
进样器固相萃取技术（Syringe-Based Solid-Phase Extraction, SSPE）是一种将样品富集、净化与进样过程集成于一体的微型化前处理方法。该技术利用普通注射器或专用装置，填充适合目标分析物的固相吸附剂，通过手动或机械推拉实现样品的富集操作。其核心优势在于装置简单、成本低廉、吸附剂种类灵活可调，且吸附容量远高于固相微萃取（SPME）。SSPE适用于气体、液体及固体热脱附气体提取多种基质，还可结合加热模块实现热脱附导入气相色谱系统。相比使用的SPME纤维，SSPE耗材可更换或再生，支持多次进样，特别适合复杂样品、非标准分析及高通量检测场景，是兼顾灵活性、经济性与高效性的现代样品前处理技术。
Syringe-Based Solid-Phase Extraction (SSPE)
Although not a single standardized term in analytical chemistry, "syringe-based solid-phase extraction" refers broadly to techniques that integrate sample extraction (enrichment and/or cleanup) with the sample introduction process.
The core concept involves using a syringe—fitted with a solid-phase sorbent cartridge or disk—as both the extraction device and the delivery tool. This allows analytes to be selectively retained, washed, and eluted directly through the syringe, streamlining sample preparation and enabling efficient, miniaturized transfer of the extract into analytical instruments such as HPLC or GC systems.
固相微萃取（SPME）与进样器萃取技术（SSPE）对比表
| 项目 | 固相微萃取技术（SPME） | 进样器萃取技术（SSPE） |
|---|---|---|
| 吸附剂种类 | 商业化产品，种类有限（通常5种） | 可根据样品性质任意选择填料（如分子筛，活性炭，C18、离子交换树脂等） |
| 吸附剂量 | 由萃取头长度和涂层厚度决定（μg级） | 可根据需求灵活填充，吸附量可调（可达mg级） |
| 可处理样品类型 | 气体、液体、固体（需顶空或浸渍） | 气体、液体、固体（直接接触或顶空） |
| 操作温度 | 一般在常温下进行 | 温度可控，支持加热萃取（如热脱附） |
| 小分子化合物吸附能力 | 吸附较弱或不吸附（尤其对低沸点物） | 可通过调节吸附剂增强对小分子的富集能力 |
| 可重复进样 | 一次性使用，一次解析进样 | 可多次进样，吸附剂可更换或再生 |
| 热脱附方式 | 色谱进样口热解吸（GC接口） | 由温控器独立控制加热过程 |
| 热脱附温度 | 固定于仪器进样口（通常 < 300°C） | 可任意设定（最高可达500°C） |
| 热解析时间 | 3–5 秒（快速解析） | 3 秒至数分钟（可程序升温） |
| 样品前处理成本 | 较高（价格贵、寿命短、易折断） | 成本低，耗材可定制且易更换 |
补充说明：
SPME：适合痕量分析、自动化程度高，但灵活性较低；
SSPE：更具通用性，适用于复杂基质和多种目标物，尤其适合非标准或高通量应用。
注：SSPE 是“Syringe-Based Solid-Phase Extraction”的简称，或“进样器固相萃取”，强调其以注射器为载体的集成式设计。
Comparison Between Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Syringe Solid-Phase Extraction (SSPE)
| Aspect | Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) | Syringe Solid-Phase Extraction (SSPE) |
|---|---|---|
| Types of Adsorbents | Commercial products with limited variety (typically 5 types) | A wide range of packing materials can be chosen according to sample properties (such as C18, silica gel, ion exchange resin, etc.) |
| Amount of Adsorbent | Determined by the length and thickness of the extraction head (microgram level) | Adjustable based on requirements, capable of reaching milligram levels |
| Sample Types Handled | Gases, liquids, solids (requires headspace or immersion) | Direct contact or headspace for gases, liquids, and solids |
| Operating Temperature | Generally performed at room temperature | Temperature controllable, supports heating for extraction (e.g., thermal desorption) |
| Adsorption Capacity for Small Molecules | Weak adsorption or no adsorption (especially for low-boiling-point substances) | Enhanced enrichment capability for small molecules can be achieved by adjusting adsorbents |
| Repeatability of Injection | Single-use, one-time desorption and injection | Allows multiple injections, adsorbents are replaceable or regenerable |
| Thermal Desorption Method | Thermal desorption via chromatographic inlet (GC interface) | Controlled independently by a temperature controller |
| Thermal Desorption Temperature | Fixed at instrument inlet temperature (usually <300°C) | Can be set arbitrarily (up to 500°C) |
| Desorption Time | 3–5 seconds (rapid desorption) | From 3 seconds to several minutes (programmable temperature ramping) |
| Cost of Sample Preparation | Relatively high (expensive, short lifespan, prone to breakage) | Lower cost, consumables are customizable and easy to replace |
This table provides a detailed comparison between SPME and SSPE in various aspects including the types of adsorbents used, amount of adsorbent, sample types that can be handled, operating temperature, adsorption capacity for small molecules, repeatability of injection, method of thermal desorption, thermal desorption temperature, desorption time, and the cost of sample preparation.
Please note that this is an English translation of the technical comparison table designed for clarity and precision in technical or academic reports. If you need further assistance or have additional requests, feel free to ask.
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