Mpemba effect- the effect of time

Jian’an Wang

Department of Physics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China

Email: wja@szu.edu.cn

Abstract:

In this paper, the Mpemba effect is analyzed by using the time characteristic that the time on an object is proportional to the energy density inside the object and inversely to the energy density in the space in which the object is located (this time characteristic is derived from the relationship between time and velocity of Special Relativity, the relationship between time and gravitational field of General Relativity and the quasar's rapid optical variability), and it is concluded that the Mpamba effect is the effect of time.

Key words:

Mpemba effect, Mupainmubar Effect, The essence of time, time

Introduction:

" Mpemba effect ", also known as" Mupainmubar effect ", refers to the phenomenon that a slightly hotter liquid freezes first than a slightly cooler one under the same volume, mass and cooling conditions. In 1963, at a high school in Tanzania, there was a junior three student named Mpamba who enjoyed making ice cream with his classmates. They add sugar to boiling fresh milk, let it cool, pour it into a latticed container, and place it in the freezer. One day, Mpemba realized that the freezer room was running short of space. Fearing that the other students would be the first to use it, he quickly added sugar to the boiling milk and sent it to the refrigerator before it cooled down. An hour and a half later, Mpemba noticed something that puzzled him: hot milk freezes faster than cold milk. What's going on here? Confused Mpamba hurriedly ran to ask the teacher, but unfortunately, from junior high school to high school, no teacher took his problem seriously, and some people thought he was absurd and said he was lying. Until one day, Dr. Osborn, the head of the physics department of the University of Dar es Salaam, visited his school, and he seized the opportunity to consult Dr. Osborn. As a result, the doctor not only did not scoff at it, but also took him back to the laboratory to do the experiment. In 1969, Mpamba and Dr. Osborne wrote a paper on this effect and named it "Mpamba effect ".

In fact, hot water freezes faster than cold water is a mystery that has been around for thousands of years. Historically, Aristotle, Francis Bacon and Descartes have described the phenomenon in different ways, but none of them has attracted much attention [1]

More than 50 years after the "Mpamba effect " was officially named, scientists have done many experiments and written many papers want to prove the principle behind the phenomenon[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7] [8], but there is still no conclusion.

Recently, two physicists Avinash Kumar and John Bechhoefer from simon fraser university, Canada, have bypassed the complexity of water by replacing water molecules with tiny glass beads, developing a method to exhibit the Mpamba effect in a controllable environment, confirming that when two systems with different initial temperatures are cooled to the same temperature, the system with higher initial temperatures can take less time than the system with lower temperatures.[9]

The result suggests that the Mpemba effect is not only present in glass beads and water, but is more likely to be present in nature in general.

About the nature of time:

Human exploration of time has never ceased. What is time? Einstein revealed the relationship between time and speed in Special Relativity, that is, the faster the speed, the slower the time, and the relationship between time and gravitational field in General Relativity, that is, the stronger the gravitational field, the slower the time. What Special Relativity and General Relativity reveal seem to be two different properties of time, but the author argues that they reflect the same property of time: "The higher the energy density of space, the slower the time" [10].Because physical space is composed of ether (energy), the faster the object moves relative to ether, the more ether (energy) the object gathers, the greater the kinetic energy of the object, the higher the energy density of the local space where the object is located, so the time is slower [10]. Therefore, the acceleration of the sun's motion speed in the Galaxy would reduce the solar radiation power and thus lead to the generation of the Ice Age [11].Because the stronger the gravitational field, the higher the space energy density, the stronger the gravitational field, the slower the time, that is, the higher the space ether (energy) density, the slower the time.

The time on an object (particle) is not only related to the ether (energy) density of the space in which the object (particle) is located, but also, the author hypothesizes, related to the ether (energy) density of the object (particle).In the paper "On the existence of the ether and its important position and function in physics" [12], the author gives the definition of time: "Time is one of the properties of the ether (energy), or the flow rate of the ether(energy) from objects to space or from space to objects".We can define time in terms of the ether (energy)density of space alone, or we can define time in terms of both the ether (energy) density of space and the ether (energy)density of an object.If time is defined only in terms of the ether (energy) density of space, then time at a point in space is inversely proportional to the ether(energy) density of space during the cosmic expansion since the ether(energy) flows from objects into space; Since the ether (energy)flows from space to objects during the cosmic contraction, time at some point in space is proportional to the density of the ether (energy)of space ".

If we define time in terms of the ether(energy) density of space and the ether(energy) density of objects, then during the cosmic expansion, the time on an object is proportional to the ether(energy) density inside the object and inversely proportional to the ether(energy) density of the space outside the object; The time on an object during the cosmic contraction is inversely proportional to the ether(energy) density inside the object and proportional to the ether(energy) density of the space outside the object ".

Since the time defined above reflects the speed at which all matter in the universe changes and moves, it is a physical time of practical significance.

According to the time characteristic of "during the cosmic expansion, the time on an object is proportional to the density of ether (energy) inside the object and is inversely proportional to the density of ether (energy) of the space outside the object", the author explained the mystery of quasar's rapid optical variability or why the life of quasars is very short. [12] [13],[14],[15], [16].

Using the temporal property that "the time on an object is proportional to the density of the ether (energy) inside the object is inversely proportional to the density of the ether (energy) of the space outside the object", we can also explain why the luminous power of the sun changes periodically and why "the greater the mass of a star, the shorter its lifespan".

We know that stars produce light and heat by fusion reactions in which deuterium and tritium make helium, and that stars act as a black body. Since the time on an object is proportional to the ether (energy) density inside the object is inversely proportional to the ether (energy) density in the outer space of the object，when the mass of a star is determined (the energy density of the star is determined), the luminous power of the star is determined by the ether (energy) density of the space in which the star is located. Because the faster the sun moves in the Milky way, the higher the local spatial ether (energy)density of the sun, the slower the time on the sun, the smaller the luminous power. Because the solar system is not moving at a constant speed in the Milky Way, it can be seen that the periodic motion of the solar system in the Milky way causes the solar luminous power to change periodically, and thus leads to the periodic occurrence of the Earth's ice age. [11]

Because of gravity, the greater the mass of a star, the greater the mass density, the greater the mass density, that is, the greater the energy density, so when the energy density of the space in which the star is located is determined, the greater the mass of a star, the faster the time on the star, and the shorter the lifetime of the star.

The author believes that the Mpamba effect and the effect observed by Avinash Kumar and John Bechhoefer in the experiment [9] are also the embodiment of this characteristic of time.

The explanation of the Mpamba effect

According to the temporal property that time on an object is proportional to the ether (energy) density within the object and inversely proportional to the ether (energy) density of the space in which the object is located, if the ether (energy) density of the space in which the object is located remains constant, then the time on a high temperature object will be faster than on a low temperature object.Therefore, although a high temperature object needs to emit more heat from the beginning to the end of the temperature than a same object at low temperature, the average temperature of the high temperature object in the process of cooling from the beginning to the end of the temperature is higher than that of the low temperature object, the average time on the high temperature object is faster than that on the low temperature object, which makes it possible for the high temperature object to reach the end of the temperature first.This should be a common phenomenon in nature, not only in quasars and stars, but also in various objects on the earth. So it's not surprising that Mpemba effect happens

In the Mpamba experiment, because the refrigerator pumps away the heat of the space in time to maintain the same temperature of the space in which the two cups of water are located, the difference of time between the two cups of water are determined only by the temperature difference between the two cups of water. If the initial temperature of the cold water and the temperature difference between the two cups of water are set properly, then it should be observed that the hot water freezes first.

Why is the Mpamba efect difficult to observe?

Many people did the Mpamba experiment and most people observed that the lower temperature water froze first. Why? The author believes that the main reasons are:

1.         The power of the refrigerator is too small relative to the amount of water put in, so the heat in the space is not removed in time. The temperature of the space around the high temperature water is much higher than that around the low temperature water. As a result, the time difference between the high temperature water and the low temperature water is reduced, and the low temperature water freezes first. This is why we observe that a basin of warm water above room temperature turns to room-temperature cold water more quickly than a same basin of boiling water。

2.         The initial temperature of low temperature water and the initial temperature difference between high temperature water and low temperature water are not set properly. Because the loss of heat and the passage of time in the Mpamba experiment are carried out simultaneously and affect each other, whether hot water or cold water freezes first is related to the initial temperature of low temperature water and the initial temperature difference between high temperature water and low temperature water.

Conclusions:

1.         The time on an object is proportional to the ether (energy) density within the object and inversely proportional to the ether (energy) density in the space in which the object is located.

2.         Mpemba efect is the embodiment of the time characteristic that the time on an object is proportional to the etheric (energy) density inside the object and inversely proportional to the etheric (energy) density in the space where the object is located.

References:

[1]      Dorsey, N. Ernest (1948). "The freezing of supercooled water". Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. American Philosophical Society. 38 (3): 247–326. doi:10.2307/1005602. JSTOR 1005602.

[2]      Ball, Philip (April 2006). Does hot water freeze first?. Physics World, pp. 19-26.

[3]      How to Fossilize Your Hamster: And Other Amazing Experiments for the Armchair Scientist, ISBN 1-84668-044-1

[4]      Bregović, Nikola; Mpemba effect from a viewpoint of an experimental physical chemist, 2013

[5]      Jin, Jaehyeok; Goddard III, William A. (2015). "Mechanisms Underlying the Mpemba Effect in Water from Molecular Dynamics Simulations". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 119 (5): 2622–2629. doi:10.1021/jp511752n

[6]      Tao, Yunwen; Zou, Wenli; Jia, Junteng; Li, Wei; Cremer, Dieter (2017). "Different Ways of Hydrogen Bonding in Water - Why Does Warm Water Freeze Faster than Cold Water?". Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 13: 55. doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00735.

[7]      Lu, Zhiyue; Raz, Oren (2017-05-16). "Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of the Markovian Mpemba effect and its inverse". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (20): 5083–5088. arXiv:1609.05271 Freely accessible.

[8]      Lasanta, Antonio; Vega Reyes, Francisco; Prados, Antonio; Santos, Andrés (2017). "When the Hotter Cools More Quickly: Mpemba Effect in Granular Fluids". Physical Review Letters. 119 (14): 148001. arXiv:1611.04948 Freely accessible.

[9]      Kumar, A., Bechhoefer, J. Exponentially faster cooling in a colloidal system. Nature 584, 64–68 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2560-x

[10]  Wang, J.A. (2019) Journal of Modern Physics, 10, 1615-1644. 
https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2019.1014107

[11]  Wang, J.A. (2020) Journal of Modern Physics, 11, 407-431.

https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2020.113026

[12]  Zuo W W, Wu X B. The mystery of quasar power (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 2016, 61: 1157–1163, doi: 10.1360/N972016-00108

[13]  A dozen quasars in the early universe appear to have shut down in just a few years, baffling astronomers. By Shannon Hall on November 23, 2015. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-case-of-the-disappearing-quasars/

[14]  THE DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST "CHANGING LOOK" QUASAR: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PHYSICS AND PHENOMENOLOGY OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI Stephanie M. LaMassa et al. 2015 The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 800, Number 2

[15]  Toward an Understanding of Changing-look Quasars: An Archival Spectroscopic Search in SDSS John J. Ruan et al. 2016 The Astrophysical Journal 826 188

[16]  Janan Wang，2018，On the Existence of Ether and Its Important Position and Role in Physics，chapter 7.2, p 90, National Science and Technology Digital Library， https://preprint.nstl.gov.cn/preprint/main.html?action=showFile&id=2c928282641b5f6b01657f450a9e039a