问题+研究方法+结果1-欧洲酿酒葡萄起源：In order to elucidate the still controversial processes that originated European wine grapes from its wild progenitor, here we analyse 204 genomes of Vitis vinifera and show that all analyses support a single domestication event that occurred in Western Asia and was followed by numerous and pervasive introgressions from European wild populations. 

结果2-国际酿酒葡萄：This admixture generated the so-called international wine grapes that have diffused from Alpine countries worldwide. 

结果3-群体分化与遗传多样性：Across Europe, marked differences in genomic diversity are observed in local varieties that are traditionally cultivated in different wine producing countries, with Italy and France showing the largest diversity. 

结果4-驯化与人工选择位点：Three genomic regions of reduced genetic diversity are observed, presumably as a consequence of artificial selection.

结果5-两个受选择的、与浆果性状相关的候选基因：In the lowest diversity region, two candidate genes that gained berry–specific expression in domesticated varieties may contribute to the change in berry size and morphology that makes the fruit attractive for human consumption and adapted for winemaking.

 摘 要 

为了阐明欧洲酿酒葡萄起源于其野生祖先的争议性话题，作者分析了204个葡萄基因组，发现所有的分析都支持在西亚发生过一次单一驯化事件，紧随其后发生了欧洲野生种群的大量和普遍遗传渗入。这种遗传混合产生了所谓的国际酿酒葡萄，这些葡萄已经从阿尔卑斯山脉周边国家扩散到全球各地。在整个欧洲，不同葡萄酒生产国传统上种植的本地品种中存在基因组多样性的显著差异，其中意大利和法国的本地品种表现出最高水平的多样性。作者鉴定到了三个遗传多样性显著降低的基因组区域，这可能是人工选择的结果。在最低的多样性区域，存在两个在驯化品种的浆果中特异性表达的候选基因，可能作用于浆果大小和形态的变化，使得浆果更加吸引人类食用并适合用于酿酒。