信息来源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericity
       Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of to-be-specified-later types that are then instantiated when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered by Ada in 1983, permits writing common functions or types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used, thus reducing duplication. Software entities created using generic programming are known as generics in Ada, Eiffel, Java, C#, Visual Basic .NET and Haskell; templates in C++; and parameterized types in the influential 1994 book Design Patterns. The authors of Design Patterns note that this technique, especially when combined with delegation, is very powerful but that "Dynamic, highly parameterized software is harder to understand than more static software." (Gang of Four 1995:21)

Generic programming refers to features of certain statically typed programming languages that allow some code to effectively circumvent the static typing requirements. For instance in C++, a template is a routine in which some parameters are qualified by a type variable. Since code generation in C++ depends on concrete types, the template is specialized for each combination of argument types that occur in practice. Generic programming is commonly used to implement containers such as lists and hash tables and functions such as a particular sorting algorithm for objects specified in terms more general than a concrete type.

• 1 Programming language support for generic programming
  • 1.1 Generic programming in object-oriented languages
    • 1.1.1 Generics in Ada
      • 1.1.1.1 Ada example
      • 1.1.1.2 Advantages and limitations
    • 1.1.2 Templates in C++
      • 1.1.2.1 Technical overview
      • 1.1.2.2 Template specialization
      • 1.1.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages
    • 1.1.3 Templates in D
      • 1.1.3.1 Static-if
      • 1.1.3.2 Alias parameters
    • 1.1.4 Generic programming in Eiffel
      • 1.1.4.1 Basic genericity
      • 1.1.4.2 Constrained genericity
    • 1.1.5 Generics in Java
    • 1.1.6 Generic programming in C# and .NET
    • 1.1.7 Generic programming in Delphi
  • 1.2 Generic programming in Functional languages
    • 1.2.1 Generic programming in Haskell
      • 1.2.1.1 PolyP
      • 1.2.1.2 Generic Haskell
      • 1.2.1.3 The "Scrap your boilerplate" approach
    • 1.2.2 Clean
  • 1.3 Generic programming features in other languages
• 2 See also
• 3 External links and references
  • 3.1 General
  • 3.2 C++/D
  • 3.3 C#/.NET
  • 3.4 Delphi
  • 3.5 Eiffel
  • 3.6 Haskell/functional
  • 3.7 Java
  • 3.8 Object Pascal
• 4 Notes

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