【翻译】嘈杂生境中的复合通讯模式：以研究婆罗洲的一种湍蛙Staurois parvus为例

熊荣川 译

摘要

高背景噪音阻碍了信号的接收和识别。我们以婆罗洲的一种湍蛙Staurois parvus为研究对象，再次报道了动物使用声音加视觉的复合通讯模式以提高通讯信号识别。我们发现其声通讯并没有受到湍流持续不断的非生物背景噪音损害。雄性个体有调整广告鸣叫的声幅、音高、音符长度以及鸣叫频次的表现。主频（5578Hz）和背景噪音的声压差8dB，足以产生听觉。另外，雄蛙使用一些视觉信号进行种内通讯，其中最常见的是将后肢（蹼张满）像旗帜一样举起舞动及迅速伸缩，另外还有挥动手臂、身体竖立、蹲伏以及张嘴等。我们使用录音回放实验检验，这种复合信号传播模式是否有通讯意义。结果发现发声后常常伴随有后肢（蹼张满）像旗帜一样举起舞动并能种内进行通讯。因此，我们认为，通过辅以视觉信号的广告鸣叫调整，湍蛙Staurois parvus得以克服持续不断的宽波段低频背景噪音。这是对蛙类在充满持续噪音的环境中使用复合通讯模式的首个个案研究。

原文：

Multimodal Communication in a Noisy Environment: A

Case Study of the Bornean Rock Frog Staurois parvus

T. Ulmar Grafe¹*, Doris Preininger², Marc Sztatecsny², Rosli Kasah¹, J. Maximilian Dehling³,

Sebastian Proksch³, Walter Ho¨ dl²

1 Department of Biology, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam, 2 Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,

3 Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Wu¨ rzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Biozentrum, Wu¨ rzburg, Germany

Abstract

High background noise is an impediment to signal detection and perception. We report the use of multiple solutions to improve signal perception in the acoustic and visual modality by the Bornean rock frog, Staurois parvus. We discovered that vocal communication was not impaired by continuous abiotic background noise characterised by fast-flowing water. Males modified amplitude, pitch, repetition rate and duration of notes within their advertisement call. The difference in sound pressure between advertisement calls and background noise at the call dominant frequency of 5578 Hz was 8 dB, a difference sufficient for receiver detection. In addition, males used several visual signals to communicate with conspecifics with foot flagging and foot flashing being the most common and conspicuous visual displays, followed by arm waving, upright posture, crouching, and an open-mouth display. We used acoustic playback experiments to test the efficacy-based alerting signal hypothesis of multimodal communication. In support of the alerting hypothesis, we found that acoustic signals and foot flagging are functionally linked with advertisement calling preceding foot flagging. We conclude that S. parvus has solved the problem of continuous broadband low-frequency noise by both modifying its advertisement call in multiple ways and by using numerous visual signals. This is the first example of a frog using multiple acoustic and visual solutions to communicate in an environment characterised by continuous noise.