Rafe Champion的文章《科学是如何迷失方向的：卡尔·波普尔与戈登·塔洛克论科学的制度性弊病》（How Science Lost Its Way：Karl Popper and GordonTulloch on the institutional malaise of science）

https://rafechampion.substack.com/p/how-science-lost-its-way

第1段

普遍认为，科学正处于糟糕的境地，正如理查德霍顿（Richard Horton）以《柳叶刀》（The Lancet）主编身份所写的那样。他感叹道，“科学已经转向了黑暗”，并列举了样本量小、分析无效、利益冲突以及对流行趋势的痴迷等问题。复兴卡尔·波普尔的思想将会有所帮助。克里斯·乌尔曼（Chris Uhlman）在6月1日的《周末澳大利亚人报》中指出，波普尔改变了科学的游戏规则，要求进行严格的测试（证伪），而不是为了支持自己的立场去堆砌数据和构建模型。

It is generally accepted that science is in a bad way, as Richard Horton wrote in his capacity as editor in chief of The Lancet. “Science has taken a turn towards darkness”, he lamented, citing small sample sizes, invalid analyses, conflicts of interest and obsession with fashionable trends. A revival of Karl Popper’s ideas would help. Chris Uhlman pointed out in The Weekend Australian June 1 that Popper changed the game of science to demand rigorous testing, rather than accumulating data and building models to support your position.

第2段

然而，波普尔的思想并未被学术界重视。当他的竞争对手们为了逃避希特勒而从欧洲逃往美国并占据显赫的教席时，波普尔却在遥远的基督城（Christchurch，新西兰）备受冷落。在那里，当他家乡的十六位亲人在战火中灰飞烟灭时，他撰写了长达700页的《开放社会及其敌人》（The Open Society and Its Enemies）。

Popper’s ideas did not get far in the academic community. While rivals who fled from Europe to the US to escape Hitler occupied prestigious chairs, he languished far off in Christchurch , where he wrote the 700-page The Open Society and Its Enemies while sixteen of his relatives went up in smoke back home.

第3段

二战后流亡美国的哲学界将科学哲学变成了一片由“概念分析”和“贫瘠的概率论”构成的荒原，而不是介绍那种驱动科学处于最佳状态的想象力和批判性思维。我把这群人看作是“希特勒的复仇”。虽然包括诺贝尔奖得主爱因斯坦（Einstein）、梅达沃（Medawar）、埃克尔斯（Eccles）和莫诺（Monod）在内的顶尖科学家都向波普尔的思想致敬，但学院派哲学家们却并不买账。

The philosophical diaspora in the US converted the philosophy of science into a wasteland of conceptual analysis and sterile probability theory instead of an introduction to the kind of imaginative and critical thinking that drives science at its best. I think of them as “Hitler’s revenge”. Leading scientists including the Nobel Laureates Einstein, Medawar, Eccle and Monod saluted Popper’s ideas but the academic philosophers did not.

Why Are Research Findings Supported by Experimental Data with High Probability Often False? --Critical Analysis of the Replication Crisis and Statistical Bias in Scientific Literature, Preprints.org, preprint, 2025, 10.20944/preprints202507.1953.v1

第4段

他的政治哲学著作遭遇也好不到哪里去。因为他批评了柏拉图（Plato），从而激怒了保守派；同时他又被左派列入黑名单，因为作为一个“机会均等的冒犯者”，他也狠狠地批评了Marx。

His book on political philosophy did not fare any better because he antagonized conservatives with criticism of Plato and he was put on the banned list by the Left because, as an equal opportunity offender, he also did a number on Marx.

第5段

科学哲学领域被杂草入侵，始于托马斯的范式理论，随后在后现代主义变得流行时，出现了更多奇异的物种。随着波普尔被边缘化，在库恩1962年的重磅炸弹《科学革命的结构》（The Structure of Scientific Revolutions）的影响下，“共识科学”（consensus science）被接受为“常规科学”（normal science）。

The philosophy of science was invaded by weeds, starting with Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm theory and then more exotic species when post-modernism became fashionable. With Popper dismissed, “consensus science” became accepted as “normal” under the influence of Kuhn’s 1962 blockbuster The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.