By introducing hidden layers that perform nonlinear transformations, a network can map linearly inseparable low-dimensional problems (like the XOR gate) into higher-dimensional, separable spaces. From this point on, neural networks gained the ability to represent complex patterns for approxim ...
We know that backpropagation is the key to deep neural networks. What enables this key to unlock the door to deep learning is the chain rule . Mathematically, the chain rule for gradients guarantees that the direction of each local adjustment forms part of the overall direction ...
As large language models (LLMs) expand into audio, progress has been breathtaking. “LLM-native” speech technology reached practical maturity roughly half a year ago, and the entire industry has surged forward. Two features mark this maturity: ultra-realistic speech and full-duplex interaction. A ...
“Codec” is short for coder–decoder: an end-to-end machine for compressing and then restoring audio. The encoder compressess a signal into a more compact representation; the decoder reconstructs it as faithfully as possible. In the LLM era, audio—like text—is often cut into short segments and ...