如果你去参观美国的大中小院校、机构甚至企业,你会时常发现这么一个醒目的声明:XXX is an EEO/AA employer or XXX is an Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer。 XXX在这里可以是任何机构公司学校研究所甚至商店的名字,EEA/AA or Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action指的则是美国有名的平等就业机会/平权行动法。这个声明代表了一个单位对遵守平等就业机会/平权行动法的郑重承诺。如果你曾经在美国学习或工作过,应聘过或参与过招募员工,那你对这个EEO/AA就更熟悉了,因为它会出现在很多正式的信函里和几乎所有的招聘广告里。很多机构甚至有Office of Equal Opportunities或者由人事部兼管指导从招聘广告怎么写到整个申请人筛选工作的过程,因为违反EEO/AA的相关法例在美国是个大事情,可以给申请人、员工甚至政府告到法院去。
那什么是平等就业机会及平权行动法?平等就业机会及平权行动法起源于1964年由美国总统约翰逊签署的Civil Rights Act of 1964。约翰逊总统随后在1965年签署的Executive Order 11246以及过去几十年的修正和补充使这项联邦法律渐趋完整以及深入人心。根据这项法律:
在美国,雇主不得因为雇员或申请人的种族、肤色、性别、宗教、年龄、原住地、残疾(包括怀孕生小孩)、家族病史或从军史等进行歧视及对反歧视者进行打击报复。美国平等就业机会委员会(Equal Employment Opportunity Commission or EEOC)是一个独立的联邦执法机构,执行所有联邦政府的平等就业机会法律,并负责监督和协调所有联邦政府的平等就业机会的规定、措施和政策。平等就业机会委员会调查受到歧视和对反歧视者进行的打击报复,并对雇主和工会进行歧视控诉的调查和裁决。平权行动则进一步保护少数族裔及妇女在工作岗位和求学机会上的权益,要求雇主和学校保障雇员和学生的多样性。(来自Wiki)
当然,在一些特定的情况下,法律也允许雇主根据具体职业和岗位的实际需要对年龄学历等有更为具体的要求但他们同样必须是合情合理符合法规的,这些又统称为bona fide occupational qualification or BFOQ (真正职业条件)。举几个简单的例子,出于飞行安全原因要求飞行员年龄不超出某个年龄属于合法的BFOQ,但要求一般清洁工人至少拥有硕士学位或普通售货员为25岁以下的女性则被认为是对不符合这些条件的人的歧视,在美国属于违法行为。前面提到的Office of Equal Opportunities的其中一个工作也是帮助认识什么是合理的BFOQ,什么是不合理的。
在这个平等机会法的前提下,美国的机构又是怎么挑选员工,学校又是怎么聘请教师包括tenure-track or tenured professors呢?很简单,谁最有可能胜任这个工作岗位就是评选的唯一标准,当然很多时候这本身就要求雇主对员工到底将在这个工作岗位上做什么有什么要求等(job descriptions)有很明确甚至具体的认识。招聘tenure-track or tenured教授的学校(多数是具体到某一个系或研究所等等)则通常会先组织一个由系或所里的教授组成的search committee(遴选委员会),然后通过开会讨论及投票等方式决定申请人具备什么条件和长处(包括研究方向,在相关领域的地位,掌握的技术,以前有没有拿到联邦研究基金的经验等等)是最有可能胜任岗位的并根据这些决定哪些申请人符合面试的要求和最后的offer。至于这些条件和长处,不同的岗位可能要求不一样,没有一个一刀切的标准。所以如果去网上翻阅所谓美国名校各个院系的教授名录,又或者翻阅历年获得诺贝尔、Lasker Award、Fields Medal等大奖的美国人的简历,你会惊讶有多少是世界各地来的移民或移民的后裔,有多少曾在名不见经传的大学读过书或做过研究,有多少年少有为又有多少大器晚成。从这个角度,这个遴选的过程虽然可以说是个挑选精英的过程但更重要的是一切都以平等机会作为前提。因为有平等机会,所以从别的国家来美国的新移民可以和土生土长的平等竞争,来自贫困家庭的可以和含着银匙出生的平等竞争,并非师出名门的可以和哈佛耶鲁的平等竞争,少年得志的和大器晚成的都有平等发展的机会。对于每一个来美国留学过工作过的,我想我们都正在或曾经受惠于这个圆了当年的肯尼迪总统的梦想的平等机会法。
“I hope that every American, regardless of where he lives, will stop and examine his conscience about this and other related incidents. This Nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds. It was founded on the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened.
We are confronted primarily with a moral issue. It is as old as the scriptures and is as clear as the American Constitution. The heart of the question is whether all Americans are to be afforded equal rights and equal opportunities, whether we are going to treat our fellow Americans as we want to be treated. If an American, because his skin is dark, cannot eat lunch in a restaurant open to the public, if he cannot send his children to the best public school available, if he cannot vote for the public officials who will represent him, if, in short, he cannot enjoy the full and free life which all of us want, then who among us would be content to have the color of his skin changed and stand in his place? Who among us would then be content with the counsels of patience and delay? One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice. They are not yet freed from social and economic oppression. And this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free.
We face, therefore, a moral crisis as a country and as a people.
This is one country. It has become one country because all of us and all the people who came here had an equal chance to develop their talents. We cannot say to 10 percent of the population that you can't have that right; that your children cannot have the chance to develop whatever talents they have; that the only way that they are going to get their rights is to go into the streets and demonstrate. I think we owe them and we owe ourselves a better country than that.
Therefore, I am asking for your help in making it easier for us to move ahead and to provide the kind of equality of treatment which we would want ourselves; to give a chance for every child to be educated to the limit of his talents. As I have said before, not every child has an equal talent or an equal ability or an equal motivation, but they should have an equal right to develop their talent and their ability and their motivation, to make something of themselves.”