氢分子医学分享 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/孙学军 对氢气生物学效应感兴趣者。可合作研究:sunxjk@hotmail.com 微信 hydrogen_thinker

博文

干细胞应用风景这边独好 精选

已有 6709 次阅读 2013-4-14 17:42 |个人分类:潜水医学|系统分类:科研笔记| 美国, 干细胞


最新2013411日《自然》杂志上一篇关于干细胞应用方面的文章,报道了干细胞治疗领域的一个真正实际应用的领域:兽医学。文章的题目是Stem cells boom in vetclinics。文章中提到,在人类干细胞谨慎应用的同时,在马、狗和猫,甚至老虎身上取得了非常令人激动的效果。这应该引起我们的关注和思考。关于干细胞,我们是否过于谨慎,对某些其他手段无能为力的疾病,在一定规范下,大胆使用干细胞是否应该提倡和鼓励。另外,对学者们也有提示作用,也许在人体研究存在困难的情况下,找找动物兄弟帮助,甚至植物,也许可以获得意想不到的收获。干科学有时候也不能太死板。

在美国,病人试图使用未经证实的干细胞疗法会受到政府的限制。但是来自弗吉尼亚的赛马Vinty不需要理会美国政府的规定。毫无困难地获得干细胞注射治疗伤腿的肌腱。它获得意想不到的治疗效果,并得以重新回到训练场。

不过最新的FDA规定可能会限制干细胞在动物医学上的应用,因为老的规定已经使用了10年,面临着更新。据说新的规定年底就会执行,许多人开始担心,这一新规定可能会导致动物们无法尝试这些没有被证实的治疗技术,甚至会间接阻碍人类临床医学的发展。

由于没有明确的限制性规定,这个行业已经悄然兴起。加利福尼亚一个兽医干细胞公司专门提供干细胞治疗各类动物。自2004年,他们已经给超过5000匹马、4300只狗和120只猫等动物患者们进行了干细胞治疗。更厉害的是肯塔基州尼古拉斯维尔的MediVet,他们自2010年以来给超过10000匹马提供干细胞治疗的服务。一些大学的兽医系,独自或经过公司运作,给无数动物提供这种服务。

干细胞在马、狗、猫用的比较多,也有人用于老虎甚至海豚,甚至考虑用干细胞治疗各类肝脏疾病和糖尿病。

许多兽医提供未经证实的干细胞疗法,以满足客户的要求,加州大学戴维斯分校的兽医专业的Borjesson多丽说。“即使没有证据支持,许多兽医临床医生仍积极采用这种方法”。像人类寻求治疗,大部分用于动物治疗的细胞是间充质干细胞,这种干细胞具有可分化成多种细胞类型的能力,包括骨和软骨,已证明间充质干细胞具有很好的抗炎和其他效果。培养这种细胞的技术已经非常成熟,技术人员只需要从脂肪或骨髓中提取间充质,就可以培养出高浓度的能用于治疗的间充质干细胞。

FDA对使用人类骨髓间充质干细胞的态度非常明确,干细胞属于药物,必须首先被证实安全有效才可以应用。目前没有任何MSC治疗被批准。虽然对兽医的要求和人类临床医学不同,FDA虽然没有打击,但也确实没有批准任何一家兽医干细胞疗法。与此形成鲜明对比的是,FDA高调反对给人类提供未经证实的人类干细胞治疗。例如美国德克萨斯州Celltex Therapeutics ofSugar Land曾经将msc用于人类患者,20129月因FDA的介入而被中断。

更准确全面的信息,请看以下《自然》上的原文:

Horses, dogs and even a tiger have received the unproven therapies. Now,drug regulators plan to weigh in.

      David Cyranoski

10April 2013

Patients seeking unproven stem-cell therapies in the United States oftenrun up against government restrictions. But Vintage ‘Vinty’ Mark ofLovettsville, Virginia, had no difficulty getting such injections to treat aninjured tendon in his leg. The leg improved dramatically, and Vinty went backto training — to be a racehorse.

New guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) could,however, soon rein in veterinary uses of stem cells, a practice that hasexploded in the United States over the past decade, even though most therapiesare unproven. Many researchers and veterinarians say that the guidance, a draftof which the agency plans to issue by the end of the year, is overdue. Butothers worry that FDA interference could hamper research that could benefitanimals — and their human companions.

In the absence of clear regulations, the industry has burgeoned. Vet-Stem,a company based in Poway, California, has provided stem-cell treatments to morethan 5,000 horses, 4,300 dogs and 120 cats since treating its first patient in2004. Kits provided by MediVet America, based in Nicholasville, Kentucky, havebeen used to produce stem-cell injections for more than 10,000 horses since2010. University veterinary departments, independently or through spin-offcompanies, have offered such services to thousands more animals. Veterinarianssend patients’ tissue samples to the centres to have cells extracted or,increasingly, turn to kits that allow them to extract the cells in-house.

Stem cells are most often used to treat horses, dogs and cats, butclinicians have also sought to use them to repair a lumbar fracture in a Bengaltiger and arthritis in pigs. Researchers have also found stem cells in the fatof bottle­nose dolphins, raising hopes for treating the marine-mammal versionsof liver disease and type 2 diabetes. “There’s not a large vet practice that’snot using them,” says Wesley Sutter, a veterinarian at Lexington Equine Surgeryand Sports Medicine in Kentucky. “Some claim [the treatment] cures everything.”

Many veterinarians offer unproven stem-cell therapies to satisfy demandingcustomers, says Dori Borjesson, who specializes in veterinary medicine at theUniversity of California, Davis. “Clinicians are sucked into giving treatment”even when there’s not research to back up uses, she says.

Like the treatments sought by humans, most of those used in animalsinvolve mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can mature into a wide variety ofcell types, including bone and cartilage, and have been shown to haveanti-inflammatory and other beneficial effects. MSCs are extracted from fat orbone marrow and can be cultured or prepared for injection in concentrated form.

The FDA’s position on the use of MSCs in humans is clear. It says that thecells are drugs and therefore must be proved safe and effective before they canbe used in treatment, except under certain conditions. No MSC treatments havebeen approved. But the FDA has different regulations for veterinary medicine,and these do not clearly address MSCs. The agency has not approved anyveterinary stem-cell therapies, but neither has it cracked down on any. This isin stark contrast to its high-profile actions against purveyors of unprovenhuman stem-cell treatments, such as Celltex Therapeutics of Sugar Land,Texas,which treated patients with MSCs until the FDA stepped in last September.

That doesn’t mean that the agency is not concerned, says Lynne Boxer, aveterinary medical officer in the FDA’s Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation inRockville, Maryland. “As with any type of drug product, there are risks andbenefits,” she says. “With stem cells, there is the potential for diseasetransmission and tumour formation.” She declines, however, to say whethercurrent practices are against FDA rules, or to elaborate on what the new draftguidance is likely to contain.

The guidance void is irksome, says Karl Nobert, a lawyer at Squire Sandersin Washington DC, who has represented companies seeking direction from the FDA.His concern is not just professional: he is Vinty’s former owner, and says thathe saw “incredible improvement” as the horse healed, with normal tendon fibresrather than scar tissue at the injury site.

Research backs up the benefits of stem-cell treatments in someapplications. A 2007 double-blind study in 21 dogs showed that MSCs improvedchronic osteoarthritis1.A 2010 report showed that injections of tissue rich in MSCs helped damaged legbones to heal in 12 horses2.And a 2012 study, much discussed by veterinarians, showed that MSCs from bonemarrow helped racehorses with tendon injuries avoid re-injury3.

Researchers recognize that many studies of veterinary stem-cell treatmentshave a major weakness: they lack control groups or blinded evaluation, whichare crucial to show whether the treatments truly make a difference. “It isexceptionally difficult to do blinded studies in our patients because theowners or trainers specifically seek an institution for stem-cell therapy,”says Lisa Fortier, a veterinary surgeon at Cornell University in Ithaca, NewYork, and a co-author of the 2010 cartilage study.

Without controlled trials, comparisons between treated and untreatedanimals are difficult. Owners who have paid a few thousand dollars for atherapy are more likely to follow strict rehabilitation protocols than thosewho have not. They are also more likely to rush horses back into action, whichwould skew reported recovery time, a measure of a treatment’s effectiveness.And placebo effects — on the owners — can be powerful. “The cat looks like hellto me but the owner says: ‘She looks so great. I love stem cells’,” saysBorjesson.

Many veterinarians think that studying stem-cell therapies in largeanimals, which are more physiologically similar to humans than the mice oftenused in preclinical research, could be a powerful model for medicine — ifstudies are done right. Borjesson is running studies (with “as much blinding aspossible”) of stem-cell treatments for dry eye, another eye condition calledrecurrent uveitis, and inflammatory bowel disease in clients’ pet dogs. She isalso collaborating with researchers in human regenerative medicine, so that herfindings can inform their studies of experimental therapies. And David Frisbie,a veterinary surgeon at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, is workingwith doctors to apply lessons from animal stem-cell treatments to jointinjuries in humans.

If the pending FDA guidance clearly designates animal stem cells as drugs,veterinarians and companies who want to deploy such treatments will first haveto conduct clinical trials, which Frisbie estimates could cost at least US$5million each. Nobert, meanwhile, is optimistic that veterinary stem-cellcompanies and university researchers will find ways to “design creativeregulatory approval strategies to streamline and expedite thereview-and-approval process” — which might, in turn, influence the humanstem-cell regulatory process.

Still, he worries that overly stringent FDA rules about, for example, howcells are characterized, could “make the ultimate commercial priceunreasonable”.

For Vinty, it’s a moot point. He’s had his stem cells. But even with histendon fixed, he was too slow to race. He now gives riding lessons to children.

Nature496, 148–149 (11 April 2013) doi:10.1038/496148a

References

1.          Black, L. L. et al.Vet. Ther.8, 272–284 (2007).

                   PubMedISI

2.          Show context

3.          Fortier, L. A. et al.J. Bone Joint. Surg. Am.18, 1927–1937 (2010).

                   Article

4.          Show context

Godwin, E. E., Young, N. J., Dudhia, J.,Beamish, I. C. & Smith, R. K. W. Equine Vet. J.44, 25–32(2012).




https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-41174-680106.html

上一篇:再谈SCI 论文发表的价值
下一篇:空气、水、土壤污染,最终将是人体污染
收藏 IP: 58.247.215.*| 热度|

10 曹建军 张南希 秦逸人 郑永军 许培扬 唐凌峰 李学宽 印大中 zhangling zhoulangxiucai

该博文允许注册用户评论 请点击登录 评论 (5 个评论)

IP: 58.20.53.*   | 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹瀹勬噴褰掑炊瑜忛弳锕傛煕椤垵浜濋柛娆忕箳閳ь剙绠嶉崕閬嶅箯鐎n喖瑙﹂悗锝庡枟閻撴洟鏌嶉埡浣告灓婵炲牄鍨归湁缁绢參鏀辩€氾拷 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹瀹勬噴褰掑炊瑜忛弳锕傛煕椤垵浜濋柛娆忕箳閳ь剙绠嶉崕閬嶅箯鐎n喖瑙﹂悗锝庡枟閻撴洟鏌嶉埡浣告灓婵炲牄鍨归湁缁绢參鏀辩€氾拷 +1 [2]闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹閹间礁纾瑰瀣捣閻棗銆掑锝呬壕濡ょ姷鍋涢ˇ鐢稿极閹剧粯鍋愭い鏃傛嚀娴滈箖鏌涢幇闈涙灈妤犵偑鍨烘穱濠囧Χ閸滃啫濮涢梺鍝ュ仱濞佳囧煘閹达富鏁婂┑顔藉姃缁爼姊虹粙娆惧剱闁瑰憡鎮傞崺鐐哄箣閿旇姤娅栭梺鍛婃处閸撴艾袙閸儲鍊甸悷娆忓缁€鈧梺缁樼墪閸氬绌辨繝鍌ゆ桨鐎光偓婵犲唭銉╂⒒娴e憡鎯堟い鎴濇閹囨偐瀹割喗缍庨梺鎯х箺椤鐣锋径鎰厪濠电偛鐏濋崝婊堟煟濠靛嫬鐏叉慨濠冩そ閹兘寮堕幐搴敤闂備胶鎳撻崵鏍箯閿燂拷   2010-4-11 18:17
婵犵數濮烽弫鍛婃叏閻戣棄鏋侀柟闂寸绾惧鏌i幇顒佹儓闁搞劌鍊块幃瑙勬姜閹峰矈鍔呭┑鐐插悑閻楃娀寮诲☉銏℃櫆閻犲洦褰冪粻娲倵鐟欏嫭绀冮柣鎿勭節瀵鈽夊Ο鍏兼畷闂侀€炲苯澧寸€规洘娲熼獮鍥级閹稿海鈧剟鏌f惔顖滅У闁稿妫涘褔鍩€椤掑嫭鈷掗柛灞炬皑婢ф稓绱掔€n偄娴挊鐔兼煙鏉堥箖妾柣鎾寸〒閳ь剙鍘滈崑鎾绘倵閿濆骸澧伴柡鍡愬€濆娲传閸曨厾鍔圭紓鍌氱С缁€渚€顢氶敐澶樻晪闁逞屽墮閻g兘骞掗幋顓熷兊濡炪倖宸婚崑鎾淬亜椤掆偓濡繂顫忕紒妯诲濡炲绨肩憰鍡欑磽閸屾氨袦闁稿鎸绘穱濠囨倷閼碱剚鎲奸梺璇″枛閸婂潡鎮伴鈧畷濂稿Ψ閵夊簶鏅犻弻鏇熷緞婵犲啯宕抽梺鍝ュУ閹告儳危閹版澘绠抽柟鍐茬-閸犳牠骞婇弽顓炵厴闁绘劦鍓涢埀顒€銈稿濠氬磼濮橆兘鍋撻悜鑺ュ殑闁割偅娲忛埀顑跨劍缁绘繈宕熼鍡楀⒕婵犵數鍋涘Λ娆撳箰閸濄儳鐜绘俊銈呮噺閻撴稓鈧箍鍎辨鎼佺嵁閺嶎偆纾奸柣妯虹-婢х敻鏌″畝鈧崰鏍嵁閸℃稒鍋嬮柛顐亝椤ュ绱撻崒娆掑厡濠殿喕鍗冲畷鏇㈠蓟閵夈儙锕傛煕閺囥劌鐏犳俊顐o耿閺岀喓绮欓崸妤娾偓妤€霉閻樿櫕缍戦柍瑙勫灴閹瑧鈧稒岣跨粙鍥⒑濞茶骞栭柛濠冩倐閿濈偠绠涢幘浣规そ椤㈡棃宕ㄩ鐔烘澖闂傚倸鍊风欢锟犲矗韫囨稒鈷旈柛鏇ㄥ幘缁€濠囨煕椤愮姴鍔滈柛瀣у墲缁绘繃绻濋崒姘间痪缂備浇鍩栭悡锟犲蓟濞戙垺鍋勯柛娑橈工閸炲姊虹紒妯圭繁闁哥姵绋撶划璇测槈閵忕姵顥濆┑鐐叉閸庡啿鈻撴總鍛娾拺閻犲洦褰冮銏㈢磼鐎n偄娴柡浣割儔濮婅櫣绱掑Ο鑲╃暫闂佸搫琚崝鎴﹀春閻愬搫绠i柨鏃囨娴滃湱绱撻崒娆戝妽閽冮亶姊哄▎鎯у籍婵﹥妞介獮鎰償閵忣澁绱梻浣呵归敃銉ф崲閸℃あ娑㈠閵堝棭妫呭銈嗗姂閸ㄧ儤寰勯崟顓犵<閻庯綆鍋勫ù顕€鏌熼鍡欑瘈濠碉紕鍏橀弫鍌炲礈瑜滈崯搴ㄦ⒒娴g儤鍤€妞ゆ洦鍙冨畷鎰板冀椤撶偟顓哄┑鐘茬仛閹逛線鍩€椤掆偓濞硷繝寮婚敐鍛傛棃鍩€椤掑嫭鍋嬮柛娑卞灡瀹曟煡鏌涢埄鍐姇闁绘挻鐟х槐鎾存媴婵埈浜炵划顓烆潩閼哥數鍘遍梺缁樻煥閹碱偅绂掕缁辨帗娼忛妸銉ь儌闂侀€炲苯澧剧紓宥呮缁傚秶鎹勬担鏇秮瀹曘劍绻涙径鍝ョ泿闂備胶鎳撴晶浠嬪磻閵娾晛纾婚柕蹇婃噰閸嬫挾鎲撮崟顒傤槬閻庤娲﹂崜婵嬫倶閹烘鈷戠紓浣姑悘銉︾箾鐏炲倸濮傞柟顕€绠栧畷褰掝敃閿濆懎浼庡┑鐘垫暩婵挳宕鐐参︽繝闈涱儐閻撴瑦銇勯弮鍌涙珪闁瑰啿娲﹂妵鍕閳藉棙鐤侀悗瑙勬礃鐢帡銈导鏉戝窛妞ゆ挾鍋熼悷鈺佲攽閻樻鏆滅紒杈ㄦ礋瀹曟垿骞嬮敃鈧壕褰掓煏閸繍妲哥紒鈧崼鐔虹闁糕剝顨堢拹鈺傜箾瀹割喕绨婚幆鐔兼⒑鐎圭姵銆冮柤鍐茬埣瀹曟繈鏁冮埀顒勨€旈崘顔嘉ч柛鈩冾殘閻熸劙姊洪悡搴℃毐闁绘牕銈稿畷鐑樼節閸パ冨祮闂侀潧楠忕槐鏇㈠储闁秵鈷戦柛婵嗗閺嗗﹪鏌涚€n偅宕岄柡灞剧洴婵℃悂濡烽敃鈧禒鎾倵鐟欏嫭绀冩俊鐐扮矙瀹曟椽鍩€椤掍降浜滈柟鍝勭Ч濡惧嘲霉濠婂嫮鐭掗柡宀€鍠栭幃婊兾熼搹鐟板笌闂備浇銆€閸嬫挸鈹戦悩宕囶暡闁稿﹤鐏氶幈銊ノ熼悡搴濆闁诲孩鐔幏锟�
闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹閹间礁纾瑰瀣捣閻棗銆掑锝呬壕濡ょ姷鍋涢ˇ鐢稿极閹剧粯鍋愭い鏃傛嚀娴滈箖鏌涢幇闈涙灈妤犵偑鍨虹换娑㈠箣閻愬灚鍣ч梺鍛婃尵閹虫捇鈥旈崘顔嘉ч柛鈩冿供濡啴姊烘潪鎵窗闁革綇绲介悾鐑藉箣閿曗偓缁犺崵绱撴担鐧镐緵婵☆偄鍟埞鎴︽倷閺夋垹浠稿┑顔角滈崝鎴濈暦濠靛鏁嶉柣鎰綑閳ь剛鏁婚幃宄扳枎韫囨搩浠剧紓浣插亾闁逞屽墴濮婅櫣绱掑Ο鐓庘吂闂侀潧鐗婇幃鍌炴偘椤曗偓瀹曟﹢濡搁姀锛勨偓濠氭椤愩垺绁紒韫矙瀵煡鎮╁顔藉瘜闂侀潧鐗嗗Λ娆撴偂閵壯勫枑闁煎壊鍓欐慨鍌炴煕閳哄绡€鐎规洏鍔戦、娆戞喆閸曨偒浼栭梻鍌氬€风粈浣革耿鏉堛劎浠氭繝鐢靛仜椤曨參宕楀鈧畷鐑樼節閸パ冨祮闂侀潧楠忕槐鏇㈠储妤e啯鍋℃繝濠傛噹椤eジ鎮介婊冧槐闁诡噣绠栭幖褰掑礂婢跺﹣澹曢柣鐔哥懃鐎氼厾绮氱捄銊х=鐎广儰绀佹禍鐐繆閻愵亜鈧呯不閹寸姴顥氭い鎾跺У椤洟鏌熼悜姗嗘當缁炬儳鍚嬮幈銊ノ熼懡銈嗏枈闂佹寧绻傞ˇ浼存偂濞嗘劑浜滈柡宥冨妿閳洘銇勯妷銉у闁宠鍨块、娆撴偡妫颁礁顥氶梻鍌氬€烽懗鍓佸垝椤栨稓浠氬┑锛勫仜閻°劑骞冮崒姘辨殾闁哄顑欏ḿ鈺呮煠閸濄儺鏆柟閿嬫そ濮婃椽鎮℃惔顔界稐闂佺ǹ锕ュú鏍偤椤撶喓绡€闁汇垽娼ф禒婊堟煟椤忓啫宓嗙€规洘鍔曢埞鎴犫偓锝冨妷閸嬫挻鎷呴崜鍙夊兊婵☆偆澧楃换鍐疾閿濆鈷戠紓浣姑慨鈧梺鍝勬噺缁捇骞冨Ο鑽ょ懝闁逞屽墮椤繐煤椤忓懎浠梻渚囧弿缁犳垵鈻撻崼鏇熲拺缂佸顑欓崕鎴︽煕鐎n剙浠х紒顔碱儏椤撳吋寰勬繛鈷€鍥ㄧ厱闁斥晛鍟伴幊鍛亜閺冣偓濞茬喎顫忛搹鐟板闁哄洨鍋涢埛澶婎渻閵堝啫濡奸柨鏇ㄤ簻閻g兘鏁愭径濠勵槹濡炪倖鐗楃粙鎾诲储闁秵鈷戦梻鍫熺〒婢ф洟鏌熷畡閭﹀剶鐎规洘娲熷顕€鍩€椤掑嫬绠為柕濠忓缁♀偓闂佺ǹ琚崐妤呭触鐎n喗鍊甸悷娆忓缁€鍐偨椤栨澧插ǎ鍥э躬瀹曞ジ寮撮悙鑼崺婵$偑鍊栧褰掑磿瀹曞洨绀婇柛鈩冦仜閺€浠嬫煥濞戞ê顏╁ù婊冦偢閺屾稒绻涜閹冲海娆㈤妶澶嬬厾婵炴潙顑嗗▍鍛存煕閵婏妇绠栫紒缁樼洴瀹曞崬螣鐠囪尙顣查梻浣告惈椤戝嫰鎳楅崼鏇炵劦妞ゆ巻鍋撶紒鐘茬Ч瀹曟洟宕¢悘缁樻そ閺佹劙宕ㄩ鍛弮婵$偑鍊曠换鎰版偋婵犲洦鍋傛繛鍡樺姂娴滄粓鏌″畵顔煎濡偤姊洪悷鏉挎毐缂佸鎳撻悾宄扳枎閹炬潙娈熼梺闈涳紡閸涱垱顫岄梻鍌欑劍閻綊宕归挊澶呯細鐟滃海绮嬮幒鎴斿牚闁告劕澧介崬鐢告煟閻樼儤顏犻柛搴涘€濆畷鏉课熺亸鏍т壕閻熸瑥瀚粈鍐磼椤旇偐鐒搁柛鈺冨仱楠炲鏁冮埀顒勭嵁閵徛颁簻闁圭虎鍨遍鍡涙煕鐎n偅宕岀€规洖缍婇、娆戞偘閳ュ厖澹曢梺鍦劋閸╁牆岣块埡鍛叆婵犻潧妫欓崳绋款熆鐟欏嫭绀嬮柡宀嬬稻閹棃濡舵惔銏㈢Х婵犵數鍋炶ぐ鍐崲濡櫣鏆︾憸鐗堝笚鐎电姴顭块懜寰楊亜鈻撻妸鈺傗拺闁荤喐婢樺Σ濠氭煟椤掆偓閵堟悂骞冮崸妤€鐒垫い鎺嶈兌缁♀偓闂佹眹鍨藉ḿ褍鐡梻浣呵归敃顏堝绩鏉堚晝鍗氶柣鏃傚帶閸楁娊鏌曡箛濠冾€嗛柟閿嬫そ濮婃椽宕ㄦ繝鍕ㄦ闂佹寧娲忛崐鏍箞閵娾晜鏅濋柛灞剧〒閸樺崬鈹戦埥鍡楃仴妞ゆ泦鍥х闁靛牆顦涵鈧梻渚囧墮缁夌敻鎮¢弴鐔翠簻闁归偊鍠栧瓭闂佸憡姊瑰銊ф閹烘鍋戞繛鍡楃箲婢跺嫰鏌i幘鍐叉殻鐎殿喖鐖奸幃娆撳级閹搭厽顥嬮梻浣告啞閺屻劎绮旇ぐ鎺戣摕婵炴垶鐭▽顏堟偣閸ャ劌绲绘い顐㈡喘濮婃椽宕崟顔碱伃缂備礁顦遍崗妯肩槵婵炴挻鍩冮崑鎾绘煛鐏炲墽娲存鐐瘁缚閳ь剟娼ч幉锟犲闯娴煎瓨鍊甸悷娆忓缁€鍐煕閺冣偓閻楃姾妫熼梺缁橆殔閻楀﹪宕曢悢鍏肩叆婵炴垶锚椤忣偊鏌i埄鍏狀亪鍩為幋鐐茬疇闂佺ǹ臎閸涱厾绛忔繛瀵稿Т椤戝懘鎮块濮愪簻闁规壋鏅涢埀顒侇殕缁嬪顓兼径瀣弳濠电娀娼уΛ顓炍hぐ鎺撶厽闁规儳顕幊鍥煙椤旂瓔娈旈柍钘夘槸閳诲海鈧綆鍓涚粣妤呮⒒娴h銇熼柛妯兼櫕閺侇噣鏁撻悩鑼舵憰濠电偞鍨崹鐟版纯闂備礁鎲$划鍫㈢矆娓氣偓瀹曟粍瀵肩€涙ǚ鎷婚梺鎼炲劀鐏炴嫎褏绱撴担铏瑰笡缂佽鍟伴幑銏犫攽鐎n亞锛滃┑鐘诧工閸熺娀宕i敍鍕=闁稿本鐟︾粊鏉棵瑰⿰搴″闁哄懓娉涜灃闁告侗鍘欓敃鍌涚厱闁哄洢鍔岄悘鐘电磼閻樺樊鐓奸柡灞剧洴楠炴﹢鎳犻澶嬓滅紓鍌欑劍椤ㄦ劗妲愰弴鐘愁潟闁规儳鐡ㄦ刊鎾煕閹炬潙绲婚柛鎾存緲椤啴濡惰箛娑欘€嶅┑鐘灪閿氶柣婊冾煼瀹曠ǹ螖婵犲啯娅嗛梻浣稿閸嬪懐鎹㈤崟顖f晣闁绘挸瀵掑〒濠氭煏閸繃顥為柍閿嬪浮閺屾稓鈧綆鍋呭畷宀€鈧娲戦崡鎶界嵁閹烘嚦鏃€鎷呴崣澶婎伖闂傚倷绶氬ḿ鑽も偓闈涚焸瀹曘垽鎳栭埡鍌涙闂佸壊鍋呭ú姗€鎮¢悢鐓庣闁规儼妫勭粈澶屸偓鍏夊亾闁告劦浜欑純鏇熺節閻㈤潧浠﹂柟绋款煼瀹曟椽宕橀鑲╋紱闂佸湱鍋撻悾顏呯濠婂牊鐓忕€电増绋忛崐鏇⑺夊┑鍡╂富闁靛牆楠告禍婵堢磼鐠囨彃顏鐐村灴瀹曠喖顢涘顐ょ倞闂備礁鎲″ú锕傚磻閸涱垯鐒婇悗锝庝簴閺€浠嬫煥濞戞ê顏╁ù婊冦偢閺屾稒绻濋崘顏勨拰闂佽鍟崗鐐瀹曟﹢濡搁敂閿亾閹惰姤鍊垫鐐茬仢閸旀碍绻涚仦鍌氬闁诡垰鐭傚畷鍗炩槈濞嗘垵骞堟俊鐐€栭崝妤佹叏閹绢喖绀夋繝濠傜墛閻撶喖鏌熼幆褜鍤熸繛鍙夋尦閺岋紕浠﹂崜褎鍒涘銈冨灪濞茬喖寮幇鏉跨倞闁冲搫锕ら幃鎴濃攽閻樻鏆柍褜鍓欓崯璺ㄧ棯瑜旈弻鐔碱敊閻撳簶鍋撻崹顕呭殨濠电姵鑹鹃崡鎶芥煏韫囨洖啸闁稿﹦鍋ら幃宄扳堪閸愵喖寮伴悗瑙勬礃濠㈡﹢锝炲⿰鍫濈劦妞ゆ帒瀚拑鐔兼煥濞戞ê顏ф繛宀婁邯閺岋綁鏁愰崨顖滀紘闂佸憡妫忛崰姘辨閹惧瓨濯撮柛婵嗗珔閿濆洨纾奸悗锝庡亜閻忔挳鏌涢埞鍨姕鐎垫澘瀚换娑㈡倷椤掑倵鍋撴繝姘拺鐟滅増甯掓禍浼存煕閹剧澹橀柍缁樻崌瀹曟粍鎷呴搹鐧哥闯闂備胶枪閺堫剟鎳濇ィ鍐ㄧ劦妞ゆ帒瀚峰Λ鎴犵磼椤旇偐澧涚紒妤冨枛閸┾偓妞ゆ巻鍋撻柣锝囧厴楠炲洭顢橀悪鈧ù鍕煟鎼搭垳鍒伴柣蹇斿哺瀵煡顢旈崼鐔蜂画濠电姴锕ょ€氼參藟閸噥娈介柣鎰絻閺嗭絿鈧娲﹂崑濠傜暦閻旂厧惟闁挎棃鏁崑鎾寸節濮橆厸鎷洪梺闈╁瘜閸樺吋绂嶉悙顒傜闁稿繗鍋愰幊鍥┾偓瑙勬礃缁捇銆佸鈧慨鈧柍閿亾闁归攱妞藉娲川婵犲嫧妲堥梺鎸庢磸閸庢彃顕ラ崟顖氱妞ゆ牗绋撻崢閬嶆煟鎼搭垳绉靛ù婊勭矒椤㈡棃顢橀悩顐壕婵炲牆鐏濆▍姗€鏌涢幘瀵哥疄閽樻繄鎲搁悧鍫濈瑲闁绘挻鐩幃姗€鎮欓幓鎺嗘寖濠电偛寮跺ḿ娆撳煘閹达附鏅柛鏇ㄥ墰閸旂懓顪冮妶蹇曠暢閻忓繑鐟╅獮鍐敋閳ь剚淇婇幖浣哥厸闁稿本顨嗙€氬ジ姊婚崒娆戣窗闁稿妫濆畷鎴濃槈閵忊€虫濡炪倖鐗楃粙鎺戔枍閻樼偨浜滈柡鍥殔娴滈箖姊洪崫鍕拱缂佸甯為幑銏犫攽鐎n亞鍊為梺鐓庢啞椤旀牕螞閺嶎厽鐓熼幖杈剧磿娴犳稒绻濋姀鈽呰€块柡浣稿暣婵$兘鍩℃担鍕撳洦鐓ユ繝闈涙-濡插摜绱掗埀顒勫礃椤旂晫鍘繝鐢靛€崘顓烆伃闂佽鍠栭悧鎾愁潖婵犳艾纾兼繛鍡樺笒閸橈繝姊虹涵鍛彧闁圭懓娲獮鍐洪鍕庘晝鎲稿澶婂瀭婵犻潧顑嗛悡娆撴煙鐟欏嫬濮﹂柛銈嗙懇閺屾稑顫濋鍌溞ㄩ梺璇″枟椤ㄥ﹪寮幇顓熷劅婵☆垵妗ㄦ竟鏇㈡⒑闂堟稓绠為柛銊︽そ瀹曠敻鍩€椤掆偓铻栨俊銈咃梗缁ㄧ兘鏌涘Δ鈧崯鍧楁偩闁垮闄勭紒瀣儥濞煎﹪姊洪棃娑氱疄闁搞劏顕ч悾椋庢崉鐞涒剝鏂€闂佹寧绋戠€氼剚绂嶆總鍛婄厱濠电姴鍟版晶鍨殽閻愭潙濮嶇€规洘绮忛ˇ鏌ユ煕閵婏妇绠栭柕鍥у瀵粙濡歌閻撳倿姊哄ú璇插箺闁荤喆鍎甸垾锔炬崉閵婏箑纾繛鎾村嚬閸ㄤ即宕滄潏銊х瘈婵炲牆鐏濋弸鐔虹磼椤旇姤宕岀€殿喖顭烽幃銏焊娴e湱浜栭梻浣稿閻撳牓宕板Δ鍛€堕柟鐐灱閺€浠嬫煃閳轰礁鏆欑紒鑼帛缁绘稑顔忛鐓庣睄閻庢鍠栭…鐑藉极閹版澘骞㈡俊顖氭惈婵℃娊姊绘担鐟邦嚋缂佽鍊块獮濠傤吋婢跺﹦顦遍梺鍝勭▉閸樹粙鍩涢幋锔界厱婵炴垶锕弨濠氭煟閹惧崬鍔ょ紒杈ㄥ笚瀵板嫭绻濋崟顓夈劌螖閻橀潧浠滄俊顐n殜閹儳鈹戠€n亞顦板銈嗗笂閻掞箓顢旈悢鍏尖拻濞达綀娅g敮娑㈡煥濮樿埖鐓曢柣鏃堟敱閸嬨儳鈧娲樼划鎾汇€佸鈧慨鈧柍閿亾闁归攱妞藉娲川婵犲嫧妲堥梺鎸庢磸閸庢彃顕ラ崟顖氱妞ゆ牗绋撻崢閬嶆⒑鐟欏嫬鍔ら柣掳鍔戦幆鍐箣閿旂晫鍘撻悷婊勭矒瀹曟粌鈻庨幘鏉戔偓鑸垫叏濡搫鑸归柛銊︾箞閺岀喖骞戦幇闈涙闂佽棄鍟伴崰鎰崲濞戙垹绠i柣鎰暞閼规儳宓勯梺鍓插亞閸犲秶鎹㈤崱妯镐簻闁哄秲鍔庨惌濠囨偨椤栨氨鍩i柡灞界Ч椤㈡棃宕熼銉ョ厴闂佸墽绮悧鐘诲蓟閿濆拋娼ㄩ柍褜鍓欏玻鑳槼缂佸倹甯掗オ浼村礋椤撶媭鍟庨梺璇茬箳閸嬫盯宕愰崨濠佺箚闁圭ǹ绨肩换鍡涙煕濞嗗浚妲稿┑顔肩У椤ㄣ儵鎮欓弶鎴犵懆闁剧粯鐗曢湁闁挎繂鎳忛崯鐐烘煟閿濆牓鍝哄ǎ鍥э躬閹瑩顢旈崟銊ヤ壕闁哄稁鍘介崑瀣繆閵堝懏鍣圭紒鈧崟顖涚厽闁绘梻枪閻濇绻涢幋鐐ㄧ細闁哄棗妫濋弻娑㈠即閵娿儱骞嬮梺褰掓敱濡炶棄顫忓ú顏勫窛濠电姴瀚уΣ鍫ユ⒑閹稿孩绌跨紒鐘虫崌楠炲棛浠﹂崜褏鐦堥梺鎼炲劘閸斿酣宕㈤挊澶樻富闁靛牆妫欑亸鎵磼鐠囨彃顏紒顕嗙秮瀵噣鍩€椤掑嫨鈧啴濡烽埡鍌氣偓鐑芥煙绾板崬骞楅柣銈勭铻栭柣姗€娼ф禒婊勩亜閹存繍妯€鐎殿噮鍋婂畷鎺楁倷閺夋垹妾┑鐘灱濞夋盯顢栭崶顒€绾уù鐘差儐閳锋帡鏌涚仦鍓ф噮妞わ讣闄勭换婵嬪焵椤掍焦缍囬柍杞扮閻忓﹤顪冮妶鍡欏缂侇喖绉瑰鍐测堪閸喓鍘介梺褰掑亰閸n噣寮抽鐐寸厱閻庯綆鍋呭畷宀勬煙椤旀儳鍘撮柡灞芥喘閺佸倻鎲撮敐鍡欌偓浼存⒒閸屾瑦绁版い鏇熺墵瀹曚即寮介銈囶槸婵犵數濮撮崐濠氬汲閿曞倹鐓曟い鎰剁稻缁€鈧柛鐑嗗灦濮婃椽妫冨☉杈ㄐら梺绋块叄娴滃爼鏁愰悙宸僵妞ゆ挾濮烽惁鍫㈢磼閸撗冾暭闁挎艾顭胯鐏忔瑩骞夐幖浣哥骇闁割煈鍠楀▓璇参旈悩闈涗粶妞わ妇鏁诲顐㈩吋婢跺﹦顦板銈嗘尵婵兘宕㈤姘f斀闁绘﹩鍠栭悘杈ㄧ箾婢跺娲存い銏$墵瀹曞崬鈽夊Ο纭风吹闂備胶绮弻銊╁触鐎n喗鍋傞柛鎰靛枟閻撳繐顭跨捄铏瑰闁告梹宀搁弻锟犲幢濞戞鍠氶悗娈垮枛閻栫厧鐣烽悡搴樻斀闁搞儜鍕毈濠电姵顔栭崰鏍晝閵夈儺娓婚柦妯侯槺閺嗭附銇勯幇鍓佺暠缂佲偓鐎n偁浜滈柟鎹愭硾閸撻亶鏌¢崱鈺佷簼濞e洤锕幃娆擃敂閸曘劌浜剧憸蹇涘焵椤掑嫭娑ч柣顓炲€搁悾鐑藉捶椤撶喎纾梺鎯х箺椤鈻撴ィ鍐┾拺闁圭ǹ娴风粻鎾绘煟濡や胶鐭婇摶锝夋煕閺囥劌鐏¢柍閿嬪灴瀵爼鎮欓弶鎴濡炪倧璁f俊鍥╂閹烘挸绶為幖杈剧磿閸橆偆绱撴担绋库偓鍦暜閿熺姴鏋侀柛鎰靛枛绾惧吋绻涢幋鐐嗘垿鎮块崨瀛樷拻濞撴埃鍋撴繛浣冲洦鏅煫鍥ㄧ☉缁€瀣⒒閸喓鈯曢柛濠勫У缁绘繈鎮介棃娴躲儵鏌℃担鍛婂暈闁逛究鍔戦幃婊勬叏閹般劌浜鹃柛灞剧〒椤╃兘鎮楅敐搴濈敖闁告棑绠戦—鍐Χ閸℃娼戦梺绋款儐閹瑰洭寮诲☉銏″亜闂佸灝顑呮禒鎾⒑缁洘鏉归柛瀣尭椤啴濡堕崱妤€娼戦梺绋款儐閹稿墽妲愰幘鎰佸悑闁告粌鍟抽崥顐︽⒑缂佹ü绶遍柛锝忕秮閻涱喚鈧綆鍠楅弲婊堟煠閹帒鍔滈柣婵囧▕濮婄粯鎷呴崨濠傛殘缂備緡鍠栭悧鎾诲箖閻愮儤鏅濋柛灞炬皑閿涙繈姊哄Ч鍥х伄闁轰礁鎽滄竟鏇熺鐎n偆鍘遍柣蹇曞仧閸嬫捇鎯冮幋婵愮唵鐟滃宕硅ぐ鎺戠厴闁硅揪瀵岄弫濠囨煟閹惧磭宀搁柟绋垮暟缁辨挻绗熼崶褎鐏堥梺缁橆殔缁绘﹢宕洪埀顒併亜閹烘埊鍔熺紒澶屾暬閺屽秷顧侀柛蹇旂懇瀹曞綊宕烽鐘殿槸婵犵數濮村ú銈囩不閺嶎厽鐓冮柛婵嗗婵ジ鏌℃担绋挎殲闁靛洤瀚伴、鏇㈩敃閵忕姷顔愭俊鐐€戦崕鑼枈瀹ュ洦宕叉繝闈涱儐閸嬨劑姊婚崼鐔衡棩婵炲矈浜娲箹閻愭彃顬堥梺缁樼墱閸樠囶敋閿濆棛绡€婵﹩鍎甸埡鍛厓闁告繂瀚埀顒€鎲$粋宥嗘綇閵娧呯槇闂佹眹鍨藉ḿ褍鐡┑鐐差嚟閵嗗绱炴笟鈧顐﹀箛椤撶偟绐炴繝鐢靛Т鐎氱兘宕崶褉鏀介柣鎰煐瑜把呯磼閹绘帗鍋ユ鐐诧躬楠炴ḿ绱掑Ο杞版埛闂備礁鎼崐鍝ヨ姳闁秴缁╁ù鐘差儐閻撶喐淇婇婵嗕汗閻㈩垱绋掔换娑㈠箠瀹勭増澶勯柣鎾卞劦閺岋繝宕堕…瀣典邯閸┾偓妞ゆ帊鑳剁粻姘繆椤愮姴鐏叉俊顐㈡嚇椤㈡洟濮€閳ユ剚妲辩紓鍌欑椤戝棛鏁敓鐘茬畺闁跨喓濮甸崑鍕煕韫囨艾浜归柛姗嗕簼缁绘繈鎮介棃娑楃捕闂佽绻戠换鍫濈暦濠靛棭娼╂い鎾寸矆缁ㄥ妫呴銏″婵炲弶锕㈠鎶藉煛閸愵亞锛滈柡澶婄墑閸斿瞼绮顓犵闁绘挸娴风粻璇测攽閳╁啰鎽冩い锔芥尦閺岋綁鏁愰崱妯镐虎闂佽鍠楅〃濠傜暦瑜版帩鏁冮柨婵嗘搐閸ゆ帡姊虹拠鎻掝劉闁活収鍣e畷锟犲礃閼碱剚娈惧┑鐐叉▕娴滄繈寮查幖浣圭厽婵☆垰鐏濋惃鐑樸亜閿斿搫濮傛慨濠冩そ楠炴劖鎯旈敐鍥╂殼婵犵妲呴崑鍛存偡閵夆晛鐓濈€广儱顦柋鍥ㄧ節闂堟稑鏆為柡鍌楀亾闂傚倷鑳剁划顖炲礉閺嵭跨細婵炲棙鎸婚崐鍫曟煥閺囩偛鈧綊鎮″▎鎾粹拺妞ゆ劧绲块妴鎺撱亜閿斿ジ妾柕鍥у閸┾剝鎷呴棃娑楀垝濠电姷顣介崜婵嬫偤閺団懞鍥蓟閵夛妇鍘遍梺闈涒康婵″洨绮婚悙鐑樼厸閻忕偛澧藉ú瀛樸亜閵忊剝绀嬪┑鈥崇埣瀹曘劑顢欓崣銉ф寜闂傚倸鍊风粈浣哄椤撶姴鍨濇い鏍嚔濞差亝鍋勯柣鎾虫唉閹芥洖鈹戦悙鏉戠仧闁糕晛瀚板顐﹀礃椤旂晫鍘梺鍓插亝缁诲啴宕冲ú顏呯厽閹肩补鈧枼鎸冪紓浣介哺鐢帟鐏冩繛杈剧到閹芥粍瀵肩仦瑙f斀妞ゆ梻銆嬮弨缁樹繆閻愭壆鐭欐鐐村姈缁绘繈宕橀妸褏鐛┑鐘垫暩婵挳宕鐑嗘晩濠㈣泛鐬肩壕浠嬫煕鐏炲墽鎳勭紒浣哄閵囧嫰寮撮崱妤€鎮╂繛鎴炃氶弸搴ㄦ煙鐎电ǹ孝鐎规洏鍎靛铏圭磼濡崵鍙嗛梺纭呭Г缁骸顕h閸┾偓妞ゆ帒瀚埛鎴︽煙閼测晛浠滈柛鏃€锕㈤弻娑㈠棘鐠恒劎鍔悗瑙勬礃缁捇銆佸鈧慨鈧柍閿亾闁归攱妞藉娲川婵犲嫧妲堥梺鎸庢磸閸庢彃顕ラ崟顖氱妞ゆ牗绋撻崢鍗烆渻閵堝骸骞楅柛銊ф暬閹﹢鏁嶉崟顓狅紲闂佸搫鍟崐鎼佸几濞戞埃鍋撳▓鍨灍闁规瓕娅曢幈銊╁焵椤掑嫭鐓ユ繛鎴灻鈺傤殽閻愭惌娈滄慨濠勭帛閹峰懘鎼归悷鎵偧闂備礁鎲″鐟懊洪弽顓ф晪闁挎繂顦柋鍥煛閸ワ絽浜炬繝銏e煐閸旀牠宕愭搴g=闁割偁鍨瑰暩缂備胶濮靛畝绋款潖濞差亜鎹舵い鎾跺Т缁楋繝鏌i姀鈺佺仭妞ゃ劌锕ら悾鐑筋敍閻愭潙鈧兘鏌i姀銏℃毄闁挎稒绮撻弻锝嗘償椤栨粎校婵炲瓨绮忓▔娑滅亽闂侀€炲苯澧存慨濠呮閸栨牠寮撮悢鍛婄番闂備胶枪椤戝棝骞愰幖浣测偓鏃堝礃椤斿槈褔鏌涢埄鍐炬畼闁荤喆鍔戦弻锝嗘償閵忕姴姣堥梺鍛婃尵閸犲酣鎮惧畡閭︽建闁逞屽墴瀹曟椽鍩€椤掍降浜滈柟鍝勭У椤﹂绱掔拠鍙夘棦闁哄矉缍侀獮鍥敆娴e弶鐏嗛梻浣呵规鍝ユ崲濮椻偓楠炲啫螖閳ь剟鍩ユ径鎰闁规儳顕ぐ瀣⒒娴g瓔鍤冮柛锝忕悼缁寮介鐐舵憰闂佺硶鍓濋〃蹇涘触鐎n喗鐓曢柍鈺佸暟閹冲啴鎮介鐐电暫婵﹦绮幏鍛存惞楠炲簱鍋撴繝鍐х箚闁圭粯甯楅崵鍥┾偓瑙勬磸閸ㄤ粙骞冮崜褌娌紒瀣仒婢规洖鈹戦缁撶細闁稿鎸鹃埀顒佺啲閹凤拷
IP: 159.226.231.*   | 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹瀹勬噴褰掑炊瑜忛弳锕傛煕椤垵浜濋柛娆忕箳閳ь剙绠嶉崕閬嶅箯鐎n喖瑙﹂悗锝庡枟閻撴洟鏌嶉埡浣告灓婵炲牄鍨归湁缁绢參鏀辩€氾拷 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹瀹勬噴褰掑炊瑜忛弳锕傛煕椤垵浜濋柛娆忕箳閳ь剙绠嶉崕閬嶅箯鐎n喖瑙﹂悗锝庡枟閻撴洟鏌嶉埡浣告灓婵炲牄鍨归湁缁绢參鏀辩€氾拷 +1 [1]闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹閹间礁纾圭€瑰嫭鍣磋ぐ鎺戠倞妞ゎ剦鍓氶惄顖氱暦閻旂⒈鏁嶆慨妯诲敾缁鳖噣姊绘担鍝ョШ婵☆偉娉曞▎銏ゆ晸閻樺弶鐎梺鍛婃处閸ㄩ亶鎮¢弴銏$厓闁宠桨绀侀弳鐔兼煃閽樺妯€闁哄矉缍佹俊鑸靛緞瀹€鈧弳顐︽⒑閸濆嫭婀扮紒瀣灱閻忓啴姊洪崨濠傚闁告柨鏈粩鐔稿緞閹邦厸鎷洪梺纭呭亹閸嬫盯鍩€椤掍胶澧悡銈夋煟閺冨倸甯堕柦鍐枛閺屾洘绻涢悙顒佺彆闂佺ǹ顑呭Λ婵嬪蓟濞戞矮娌柛鎾椻偓濡插牆顪冮妶鍛寸崪闁瑰嚖鎷�   2010-4-11 18:14
mqjiang 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹瀹勬噴褰掑炊椤掑鏅悷婊冪箻楠炴垿濮€閵堝懐鐤€濡炪倖妫佸Λ鍕償婵犲洦鈷戠憸鐗堝笒娴滀即鏌涙惔銊︽锭闁宠棄顦灒闂佸灝顑囬埀顒€顭峰铏规喆閸曨偄濮㈢紒鍓ц檸閸欏啴寮鍛闁靛繆鈧枼鍋撻崹顐闁绘劘灏欐禒銏ゆ煕閺冣偓绾板秹濡甸崟顖涙櫆闁割煈鍠栫粊顕€鎮楃憴鍕婵炲弶鐗犻、姗€宕楅悡搴g獮闁诲函缍嗛崜娆撶嵁閸儲鈷掑ù锝呮啞閹牊绻涚仦鍌氱伈鐎规洘绻勬禒锕傛倷椤掍胶褰挎俊鐐€栭悧婊堝磻閻愮儤鍋傞柣鏃傚帶缁犲綊鏌熺喊鍗炲箹闁哄鐩弻锛勨偓锝冨妼閳ь剚顨堝Σ鎰板箳閹惧绉堕梺闈浨归崕鑼嫚閻愮儤鍊垫繛鍫濈仢濞呮﹢鏌涢敐蹇曞埌闁伙絿鍏橀獮鎺楀箠閼搁潧娴€规洜濞€閺佸秹宕熼澶嬬矒濮婅櫣鎷犻垾铏亞缂備緡鍠楅悷鈺呭Υ娴g硶妲堟慨妤€妫欓崓鐢告煛婢跺﹦澧愰柡浣叉櫊婵℃悂鍩¢崒妤佸闂備礁鎲$换鍌溾偓姘煎灣閳ь剚鐭崡鎶藉蓟閻旂厧绀冮柤纰卞墰椤旀帒螖閻橀潧浠滅紒缁樏悾鐑藉Ω閳哄﹥鏅┑鐘诧工閹虫劙宕㈤鐐粹拺闁煎鍊曟牎婵炲瓨绮堢划娆忕暦濠靛棛鏆嗛柍褜鍓熷顐︻敋閳ь剟寮幘缁樻櫢闁跨噦鎷�闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹閹间礁纾瑰瀣捣閻棗銆掑锝呬壕濡ょ姷鍋為悧鐘汇€侀弴姘辩Т闂佹悶鍎崝宀勵敋闁秵鐓涘璺侯儏閻忊晜銇勯敂璇叉珝婵﹥妞藉畷顐﹀礋椤撴稒鐎遍梻浣告啞閿氶柕鍫⑶归悾宄扳枎閹炬潙浜圭紓鍌欑劍宀e潡宕i崱娑欌拺缂備焦蓱閻撱儵鏌熺喊鍗炰簻闁烩槅鍘剧槐鎾诲磼濮橆兘鍋撴搴㈠闁哄被鍎遍悿楣冩煟濡鍤欓柦鍐枛閺屻劌鈹戦崱鈺傂ч梺绋款儏鐎氫即寮诲☉妯锋婵鐗嗘慨娑㈡⒑閸涘﹤鐓€缂佽鲸娲滃Σ鎰板箻鐠囪尙锛滃┑顔缴戦惁鐑芥晬閸曨厾锛滈梺鍏兼倐濞佳囧传閾忓厜鍋撳▓鍨灈妞ゎ厾鍏樺顐﹀箻缂佹ê浜归梺鍝勮閸庨亶寮憴鍕箚闁绘劦浜滈埀顒佺墵瀹曟繆顦存俊鍙夊姍瀵挳濮€閻樻妲遍梻浣藉吹閸犳劖绔熺€n喖缁╁ù鐘差儐閻撶喖鏌熼柇锕€鏋涘ù鐙€鍨堕弻宥堫檨闁告挻鐟╅、鏍ㄥ緞閹邦喖绁﹂棅顐㈡处缁嬫帡寮查幖浣圭叆闁绘洖鍊圭€氾拷,

1/1 | 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹閹间礁纾圭€瑰嫭鍣磋ぐ鎺戠倞妞ゆ帒顦伴弲顏堟⒑閸濆嫮鈻夐柛妯垮亹缁牓宕奸悢绋垮伎濠殿喗顨呭Λ妤呭礉閿曞倹鐓ユ繝闈涙-濡插摜绱掗悩鐑樼彧濞e洤锕俊鍫曞椽閸愨晜鏆伴梻浣告惈閹锋垹绱炴担鍓叉綎闁惧繗顫夊畷澶愭煏婵炲灝鍔滈柣婵勫灲濮婃椽鎮烽弶鎸庮唨闂佺懓鍤栭幏锟�:2 | 婵犵數濮烽弫鍛婃叏閻戝鈧倿鎸婃竟鈺嬬秮瀹曘劑寮堕幋鐙呯幢闂備浇顫夊畷妯衡枖濞戞碍顐介柕鍫濇啒閺冨牊鏅查柛娑卞幗濞堟煡姊虹粙娆惧剰妞ゆ垵顦靛濠氭晲閸涘倻鍠庨埢搴ㄥ箚瑜庨鍕煛婢跺棙娅嗙紒璇茬墕椤繘鎼圭憴鍕/闂侀潧枪閸庢煡鎮甸姀銈嗏拺闁荤喐婢樺▓鈺呮煙閸戙倖瀚� | 婵犵數濮烽弫鍛婃叏閻戣棄鏋侀柟闂寸绾惧鏌i幇顒佹儓闁搞劌鍊块弻娑㈩敃閿濆棛顦ョ紓浣哄С閸楁娊寮婚悢鍏尖拻閻庣數枪婵′粙姊洪崫鍕櫤缂佽鐗撳濠氬Ω閵夈垺鏂€闂佺硶鍓濋敋缂佹劖鐩娲川婵犲孩鐣烽悗鍏夊亾闁归棿绀佺粻鏍ㄤ繆閵堝倸浜鹃梺瀹犳椤︻垶鍩㈠鍡樼秶闁靛ě鍛帒缂傚倷绀侀崐鍝ョ矓閹绢喓鍋戝ù鍏兼綑闁卞洭鏌i弬鎸庢儓鐎殿喗濞婂缁樻媴閾忕懓绗″┑鐐插级閻楃姴鐣烽幇鏉挎嵍妞ゆ挻绋戞禍鐐叏濡厧浜鹃悗姘炬嫹 | 婵犵數濮烽弫鍛婃叏閻戣棄鏋侀柟闂寸绾惧鏌i幇顒佹儓闁搞劌鍊块弻娑㈩敃閿濆棛顦ョ紓浣哄С閸楁娊寮婚悢鍏尖拻閻庡灚鐡曠粣妤呮⒑鏉炴壆顦﹂悗姘嵆瀵鈽夐姀鐘插祮闂侀潧枪閸庤京绮绘繝姘拺闁告稑饪村▓鏇犫偓鍏夊亾闁归棿绀佺粻鏍ㄤ繆閵堝倸浜鹃梺瀹犳椤︻垶鍩㈠鍡樼秶闁靛ě鍛帒缂傚倷绀侀崐鍝ョ矓閹绢喓鍋戝ù鍏兼綑闁卞洭鏌i弬鎸庢儓鐎殿喗濞婂缁樻媴閾忕懓绗″┑鐐插级閻楃姴鐣烽幇鏉挎嵍妞ゆ挻绋戞禍鐐叏濡厧浜鹃悗姘炬嫹 | 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹閹间礁纾瑰瀣捣閻棗銆掑锝呬壕濡ょ姷鍋為悧鐘汇€侀弴銏℃櫆闁芥ê顦純鏇熺節閻㈤潧孝闁挎洏鍊濋幃褔宕卞▎蹇f闁荤姴娲︾粊鎾绩娴犲鐓熸俊顖氭惈缁狙囨煙閸忕厧濮堟繛鑹邦嚙閳规垹鈧綆鍋€閹锋椽鏌i悩鍏呰埅闁告柨鑻埢宥夊箛閻楀牏鍘甸梺鍛婂灟閸婃牜鈧熬鎷� | 闂傚倸鍊搁崐鎼佸磹瀹勬噴褰掑炊瑜忛弳锕傛煕椤垵浜濋柛娆忕箻閺岀喓绱掗姀鐘崇亪缂備胶濮鹃~澶愬Φ閸曨垰绠涢柛顐f礃椤庡秹姊虹粙娆惧剾濞存粠浜璇测槈閵忕姈銊︺亜閺傚灝缍栨慨瑙勵殜閹嘲饪伴崨顓ф毉闁汇埄鍨遍〃濠傤嚕閺屻儱绠瑰ù锝呮贡閸欏棝姊虹紒妯荤闁稿﹤婀遍埀顒佺啲閹凤拷

扫一扫,分享此博文

Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )

GMT+8, 2025-1-23 05:08

Powered by ScienceNet.cn

Copyright © 2007-2025 中国科学报社

返回顶部