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Thapsigargin(毒胡萝卜素,AbMole,M7409)是分离自地中海植物毒胡萝卜(Thapsia garganica)的倍半萜内酯,也是肌/内质网钙 ATP 酶(SERCA)最高效、最特异的抑制剂。SERCA 属于 P 型 ATP 酶家族,通过水解 ATP 将胞质 Ca²⁺ 逆浓度梯度泵入内质网腔,维持内质网钙库充盈与胞质低钙稳态。Thapsigargin 以亚纳摩尔级亲和力锁定 SERCA 的无钙 E2 构象,阻断钙转运循环,是钙信号与内质网应激研究中最经典的工具化合物。
分子层面,Thapsigargin(CAS No.:67526-95-8)能够嵌入 SERCA 跨膜螺旋 M3、M5、M7 围成的疏水口袋,将SERCA 不可逆地稳定在 E2 去磷酸化中间态,晶体结构研究直观展示了其诱导跨膜螺旋重排的分子细节。SERCA 被抑制后,内质网 Ca²⁺ 经被动泄漏持续外流,胞质 Ca²⁺ 短暂升高并激活质膜钙池操纵性钙内流(SOCE)通路;内质网钙库耗竭则触发未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),经 PERK-eIF2α、IRE1α-XBP1 与 ATF6 三条通路上调 BiP、CHOP 等应激基因。不同于 IP3 受体依赖的钙释放,Thapsigargin 能绕开受体信号直接排空钙库。
Thapsigargin(AbMole,M7409)的细胞实验应用涵盖钙成像、应激通路与细胞死亡等研究。在钙信号研究中,0.1-1 μM 的Thapsigargin 处理能在数分钟内排空内质网钙库,配合 Fluo-4 、Fura-2 等荧光探针可以标定 SOCE 幅度,是 STIM1-Orai1 通路研究的通用操作。在前列腺与乳腺癌细胞(LNCaP、PC3、MCF7)中,0.1 μM 的Thapsigargin低浓度处理细胞 1 天即可有效排空细胞内质网钙库,在随后的 2-4 天内细胞增殖停滞、形态改变并最终死亡;该过程不依赖胞质钙持续升高,敲低 Orai1 或 STIM1 也不能挽救,而与持续的 UPR 激活及 Caspase 级联相关。在经典内质网应激方案中,300 nM-1 μM 的Thapsigargin处理 4-24 h 能诱导 BiP、CHOP 上调,因此Thapsigargin(AbMole,M7409)还被广泛用作内质网应激的阳性对照。
Thapsigargin(CAS No.:67526-95-8)可能会系统性抑制 SERCA 进而造成动物的全身毒性,所以在动物实验中的应用较少。在小鼠胚胎的体外培养体系中,SERCA 抑制被用于验证钙瞬变对胚胎图式形成与左右对称建立的作用;在小鼠脑区定点注射模型中,局部给予 Thapsigargin 可诱导特定区域的内质网应激,用于解析 UPR 在神经功能调控中的区域特异性。此外,该分子还是寄生虫钙泵研究的常用工具:恶性疟原虫对抑制剂PfATP6 的敏感性分析便是采用Thapsigargin为阳性对照,并推动了青蒿素类化合物作用靶点的早期研究。
综上,Thapsigargin(AbMole,M7409)作为 SERCA 的经典抑制剂,三十余年来持续支撑着钙稳态、SOCE 通路与内质网应激领域的基础研究。其明确的构象锁定机制、可预期的钙库排空效应与跨物种适用性,使其成为钙信号转导与细胞应激研究中不可替代的工具化合物。
范例详解
J Food Sci. 2023 Jan;88(1):523-536.
AbMole的Thapsigargin(TG,毒胡萝卜素,AbMole)是一种 SERCA 泵抑制剂,在上述文章中被实验人员用作阳性对照处理‑HepG2 细胞,以验证金针菇多糖(FVP)对HepG2 细胞的影响,结果表明Thapsigargin通过抑制 SERCA 泵耗竭内质网钙库,造成HepG2 细胞钙外流、胞质钙升高,激活内质网应激及下游凋亡通路,产生与 FVP 处理组相类似的分子表型,以此佐证 FVP 确实是通过触发内质网应激来诱导 HepG2 肝癌细胞凋亡。
图 Effect of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides on endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis by activating the PLC–IP3 pathway in HepG2 cells
* 本文所述均为科研试剂,仅供科学研究参考
参考文献[1] Thastrup O, et al. Thapsigargin, a tumor promoter, discharges intracellular Ca2+ stores by specific inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1990, 87(7): 2466-2470.
[2] Lytton J, et al. Thapsigargin inhibits the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase family of calcium pumps. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1991, 266(26): 17067-17071.
[3] Toyoshima C, Nomura H. Structural changes in the calcium pump accompanying the dissociation of calcium. Nature, 2002, 418(6898): 605-611.
[4] Sehgal P, et al. Inhibition of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase by thapsigargin analogs induces cell death via ER Ca2+ depletion and the unfolded protein response. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2017, 292(48): 19656-19673.
[5] Putney J W. A model for receptor-regulated calcium entry. Cell Calcium, 1986, 7(1): 1-12.
细胞实验参考
细胞系:Human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295R and SW-13 cell lines
方法:Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8 colorimetric assay; cell morphological alterations were observed via crystal violet staining and light microscopy; apoptotic cell death was quantified by Annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry; cell migration and invasion capacities were determined by transwell chamber assays; endoplasmic reticulum stress and JNK/MAPK signaling pathway activation were evaluated via Western blotting detection of GRP78, IRE1α, phosphorylated PERK, phosphorylated JNK, phosphorylated ERK1/2 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK protein levels
浓度:0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 μM
处理时间:48 h for cell viability, morphology, migration and invasion assays; 24 h for protein expression and apoptosis detection
参考文献:Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019 Oct 25;518 (4):663-669
上述方法来自公开文献,仅供相同目的实验参考。如实验目的、材料、方法不同,请参考其他文献。
动物实验参考
动物模型:Female BALB/c nude mice, 4–6 weeks old, SW-13 human adrenocortical carcinoma subcutaneous xenograft model
配制:Thapsigargin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to prepare 5 mM stock solution, then diluted with sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution to working concentrations (final DMSO volume fraction < 5%) for intraperitoneal injection
剂量:0.5 mg/kg
给药处理:Intraperitoneal injection, administered once every 2 days for 14 consecutive days, initiated when subcutaneous tumor volume reached approximately 100 mm³; tumor length and width were measured every 2 days to calculate tumor volume; body weight was monitored simultaneously to evaluate systemic toxicity; tumor tissues were harvested at the end of treatment for histopathological examination and protein expression analysis
参考文献:Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2019 Oct 25;518 (4):663-669
上述方法来自公开文献,仅供相同目的实验参考。如实验目的、材料、方法不同,请参考其他文献。
体内实验的工作液,建议现用现配,当天使用;如在配制过程中出现沉淀、析出现象,可以通过超声和(或)加热的方式助溶。切勿一次性将产品全部溶解。

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