|||
值得一提的是,以上不少数据都来自几个隶属于保守派思想库(Heritage Foundation和American Enterprise Institution)的作者,所以在观点上肯定有偏向。但我主要引用的是转引自政府调查的数据。而且看来自由派思想库也基本认同这些研究结果。但他们指出,在考虑生活水平的提高时要注意到医疗费用的增加(也即其他花费的相对减少),而且美国整体人群与贫困人群的收入水平虽然在提高,但比起二战后的头几十年来减慢了很多【七】。
一 Carmen D. Walt, Bernadette D. Proctor and Jessica C. Smith, “Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United Status: 2010”, September 2011, U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf accessed 12/16/2011
二 Robert Rector and Rachel Sheffield, “Air Conditioning, Cable TV and an Xbox: What is Poverty in the United States Today?” Heritage Foundation Backgrounder #2575, July 2011, http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/07/what-is-poverty accessed 12/16/2011
三 Robert Rector and Rachel Sheffield, “Understanding Poverty in the United States: Surprising Facts About America's Poor”, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, September 2011, http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2011/pdf/bg2607.pdf, accessed 12/16/2011
四 Alisha Coleman-Jensen, Mark Nord, Margaret Andrews, and Steven Carlson, “Household Food Security in the United States in 2010”, Economic Research Report No. (ERR-125) 37 pp, September 2011, http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/ERR125/ERR125.pdf, accessed 12/30/2011
五 Robert E. Rector and Kirk A. Johnson,“Understanding Poverty in America”, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder, January 2004, www.fullemployment.org/Understanding%20Poverty%20in%20America.pdf , accessed 12/16/2011
六 Nicholas Eberstadt, “The Poverty of the Poverty Rate”, The AEI Press, 2008
七 Gary Burtless, “Comments on the Material Well-Being of the Poor and the Middle Class since 1980”, The Bookings Institution, 10/2011, http://www.brookings.edu/speeches/2011/1025_material_wellbeing_burtless.aspx, accessed 12/22/2011
八 US Government Accountability Office, “Poverty in America: Consequences for Individuals and the Economy”, January 2007, available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d07343t.pdf
九 “United States Crime Rates 1960-2010”, http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/uscrime.htm accessed 12/30/2011
十 Patrik Jonsson, “Poverty rate paradox: Poverty rises, but FBI crime rate falls”, Christian Science Monitor, September 13, 2010. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0913/Poverty-rate-paradox-Poverty-rises-but-FBI-crime-rate-falls accessed 12/30/2011
十一 Donald G. Freeman, “Trickling down the Rising Tide: New Estimates of the Link between Poverty and the Macro-economy”, Southern Economic Journal , Vol. 70, No. 2 (Oct., 2003), pp. 359-373, Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3648974
十二 McKernan, S.-M. and Ratcliffe, C. (2005), Events that Trigger Poverty Entries and Exits. Social Science Quarterly, 86: 1146–1169. doi: 10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00340.x
十三Amy Rynell: “Causes of Poverty: Findings from Recent Research”, The Heartland Alliance, 2008. http://www.heartlandalliance.org/whatwedo/advocacy/reports/causes-of-poverty.pdf, accessed 12/17/2011
十四 KatharineBradbury and Jane Katz, “Are lifetime incomes growing more unequal? Looking at new evidence on family income mobility”, Regional Review, Q4 2002, http://www.bostonfed.org/economic/nerr/rr2002/q4/issues.pdf accessed 12/17/2011
十五 Haskins, R., Sawhill, I. V., “Creating an Opportunity Society”, Brookings Institution Press, 2009
十六 Elizabeth Kneebone, Carey Nadeau, and Alan Berube,“ The Re-Emergence of Concentrated Poverty: Metropolitan Trends in the 2000s”, Brookings, November 2011, www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2011/1103_poverty_kneebone_nadeau_berube/1103_poverty_kneebone_nadeau_berube.pdf accessed 12/21/2011
十七Pew Economic Mobility Project: “Does America Promote Mobility As Well As Other Nations?”, 2011, www.economicmobility.org/assets/pdfs/CRITA_FINAL.pdf , accessed 12/17/2011
十八 Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, “Family Poverty, Welfare Reform, and Child Development”, Child Development, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 2000), pp. 188-196, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1132232
十九 “The Economic Impact of the Achievement Gap in America’s Schools”, McKinsey & Company Report 2009, http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Images/Page_Images/Offices/SocialSector/PDF/achievement_gap_report.pdf
二十 Pew Economic Mobility Project: “Housing Wealth and Higher Education: Building a Foundation for Economic Mobility”, 2011, http://www.economicmobility.org/reports_and_research/other?id=0018 , accessed 12/17/2011
二十一 Ruth Heuer and Stephanie Stullich, “Comparability of State and Local Expenditures Among Schools Within Districts: A Report From the Study of School-Level Expenditures”, http://www2.ed.gov/rschstat/eval/title-i/school-level-expenditures/school-level-expenditures.pdf, accessed 12/17/2011
有关文章:
Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )
GMT+8, 2024-12-23 17:08
Powered by ScienceNet.cn
Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社