Slit的基因,是1988年Yale大学的Rothberg及其导师Artavanis-Tsakonas发现(Rothberg et al., 1988),他们在1990年还有一篇文章(Rothberg et al., 1990)。但是,他们把Slit的功能理解错了,认为是调节细胞命运(分化成为什么细胞)。
1999年,Cell杂志上,UC Berkeley的Corey Goodman实验室(Kidd et al., 1999)、UC San Francisco的Marc Tessier-Lavigne实验室(Brose et al., 1999)、和华盛顿大学我的实验室(Li et al., 1999)同时发表文章,证明Slit所编码的蛋白质,起的作用是轴突导向,也就是指导发育过程中神经纤维运动的方向,具体是起排斥性作用。这些文章也证明Slit蛋白质的受体是Robo蛋白质。
1999年,我实验室发表两篇文章(Wu et al., Nature 1999; Zhu et al., Neuron1999),证明Slit不仅导向神经纤维、而且指导发育过程中两群神经细胞整个胞体的运动方向。对其中一群神经细胞的作用,美国Case Western的胡Huaiyu也有同样发现(Hu et al., Neuron 1999),他的工作很漂亮,特别是生物化学方法应用到神经生物学, 他是我知道的最绝的应用。
Rothberg, J. M., Hartley, D. A. Walther, Z., and Artavanis-Tsakonas, S. (1988). slit: an EGF-homologous locus of D. melanogaster involved in the development of the embryonic central nervous system. Cell 55, 1047-1059
Rothberg, J. M., Jacob, J. R., Goodman, C. S., and Artavanis-Tsakonas, S. (1990). slit: an extracellular protein necessary for the development of midline glia and commissural axon pathways contains both EGF and LRR domains. Genes Dev. 4, 2169-2187
Kidd, T., Bland, K. S., and Goodman, C. S. (1999). Slit is the Midline Repellent for the Robo Receptor in Drosophila. Cell 96, 785-794.
Brose, K., Bland, K. S., Wang, K. H., Arnott, D., Henzel, W., Goodman, C. S., Tessier-Lavigne, M., and Kidd, T. (1999). Evolutionary conservation of the repulsive axon guidance function of Slit proteins and of their interactions with Robo receptors. Cell 96, 795-806
Li HS, Chen JH, Wu W, Fagaly T, Yuan WL, Zhou L, Dupuis S, Jiang Z, Nash W, Gick C, Ornitz D, Wu JY, and Rao Y (1999). Vertebrate Slit, a secreted ligand for the transmembrane protein Roundabout, is a repellent for olfactory bulb axons. Cell 96, 807-818
Wu W, Wong K, Chen JH, Jiang ZH, Dupuis S, Wu JY, and Rao Y (1999). Directional guidance of neuronal migration in the olfactory system by the protein Slit. Nature 400:331-336
Zhu Y, Li HS, Zhou L, Wu JY, and Rao Y (1999). Cellular and molecular guidance of GABAergic neuronal migration from the striatum to the neocortex. Neuron 23: 473-485
Hu, H. (1999) Chemorepulsion of neuronal migration by Slit2 in the developing mammalian forebrain. Neuron 23, 703–711
第二部分 神经细胞和其他体细胞的共同性
Wu JY, Feng L, Park H-T, Havlioglu N, Wen L, Tang H, Bacon KB, Jiang Z, Zhang X-C, and Rao Y (2001). Slit, a molecule known to guide axon projection and neuronal migration, inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis induced by chemotactic factors. Nature 410:948-952
Wong K, Ren X-R, Huang Y-Z, Xie Y, Liu G, Saito H, Tang H, Wen L, Brady-Kalnay SM, Mei L, Wu JY, Xiong W-C, and Rao Y (2001). Signal Transduction in Neuronal Migration: Roles of GTPase Activating Proteins and the Small GTPase Cdc42 in the Slit-Robo Pathway. Cell 107:209-221
Zhu Y, Yu T, Zhang X-C, Nagasawa T, Wu JY, and Rao Y (2002). Role of the chemokine SDF-1 as the meningeal attractant for embryonic cerebellar neurons. Nature Neurosci 5:719-720.
Rao Y, Wong K, Ward M, Jurgensen C, and Wu JY (2002). Neuronal migration and molecular conservation with leukocyte chemotaxis. Genes Dev 16:2973-2984
第三部分 耿建国实验室研究Slit对血管形成的作用
Wang B, Xiao Y, Ding B-B, Zhang N, Yuan X-B, Gui L, Qian, K-X, Duan S, Chen Z, Rao Y, and Geng J-G (2003). Induction of tumor angiogenesis by Slit-Robo signaling and inhibition of cancer growth by blocking Robo activity. Cancer Cell 4:19-29
Mertsch S, Schmitz N, Jeibmann A, Geng JG, Paulus W, Senner V. Slit2 involvement in glioma cell migration is mediated by Robo1 receptor. J Neurooncol. 2008;87:1-7.
Wang LJ, Zhou Y, Han B, Ma YG, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang R, Geng JG. Targeting Slit-Robo signaling inhibits tumor angiogenesis in chemical-induced squamous cell carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci. 2008;99:510-517
第四部分 多个实验室和我实验室合作研究Slit的多种作用
Sang Q, Wu JY, Rao Y, Hsueh, Y-P, and Tan S-S (2002). Slit promotes branching and elongation of neurites of interneurons but not projection neurons from the developing telencephalon. Mol Cell Neurosci 21:250-65
Jin Z, Zhang J, Klar A, Chédotal A, Rao Y, Cepko CL, Bao Z-Z (2003). Irx4-mediated regulation of Slit1 expression contributes to the definition of early axonal paths inside the retina. Development 130: 1037-1048
Yuan W, Rao Y, Babiuk RP, Greer J, Wu JY, and Ornitz DM (2003). A genetic model for a central (septum transversum) congenital diaphragmatic hernia in mice lacking Slit3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 5217-5222
DeBellard ME, Rao Y, and Bronner-Fraser M (2003). Dual function of Slit2 in repulsion and enhanced migration of trunk, but not vagal, neural crest cells. J Cell Biol 162:269-279
Park KW, Morrison CM, Sorensen LK, Jones CA, Rao Y, Chien C-B, Wu JW, Urness LD and Li DY (2003). Robo4 is a vascular-specific receptor that inhibits endothelial migration. Dev Biol 261: 251-267
Guan H, Zu G, Xie Y, Tang H, Johnson M, Xu X, Kevil C, Xiong W-C, Elmets C, Rao Y, Wu JY, and Hui Xu H (2003). Neuronal repellent Slit2 inhibits dendritic cell migration and the development of immune responses. J Immunol 171:6519-6526
Prasad A, Fernandis AZ, Rao Y, and Ganju RK (2004). Slit-3 protein-mediated inhibition of CXCR4-induced chemotactic and chemoinvasive signaling pathways in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 279:9115-24
Molle, K. D., Chédotal, A., Rao, Y., Lumsden, A., and Wizenmann, A. (2004). Local inhibition guides the trajectory of early longitudinal tracts in the developing chick brain. Mech. Dev. 121, 143-156
Kanellis J, Garcia GE, Li P, Parra G, Wilson CB, Rao Y, Han S, Smith CW, Johnson RJ, Wu JY, Feng L (2004). Modulation of inflammation by Slit protein in vivo in experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol 165:341-52