By introducing hidden layers that perform nonlinear transformations, a network can map linearly inseparable low-dimensional problems (like the XOR gate) into higher-dimensional, separable spaces. From this point on, neural networks gained the ability to represent complex patterns for approxim ...
We know that backpropagation is the key to deep neural networks. What enables this key to unlock the door to deep learning is the chain rule . Mathematically, the chain rule for gradients guarantees that the direction of each local adjustment forms part of the overall direction ...