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[小资料,悲恸,Zenas 公理] “同行评议”下的阿贝尔:“穷得像教堂老鼠”
阿贝尔的投稿论文:
(1)高斯,根本没有拆开信件。
(2)柯西,没顾上看。
穷得像教堂老鼠: as poor as a church mouse
阿贝尔: Niels Henrik Abel
阿贝尔奖: The Abel Prize
柯西: Augustin Louis Cauchy
高斯: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
同行评议: peer review
图1 阿贝尔, Niels Henrik Abel, 1802-08-05 ~ 1829-04-06
1826年的阿贝尔画像 Niels Henrik Abel / Gemälde Von Johan Gørbitz 1826 (Ausschnitt)
裁剪自: https://static.spektrum.de/fm/912/f2000x857/breit.Abel.jpg
https://www.spektrum.de/wissen/niels-henrik-abel-1802-1829/993437
一、穷得像教堂老鼠 as poor as a church mouse
谚语“穷得像教堂老鼠”,意思是非常贫穷、贫穷,
The proverbial phrase as poor as a church mouse, meaning very poor,
https://wordhistories.net/2017/02/15/poor-church-mouse/
像教堂里的老鼠一样,饿得半死又瘦;
like church-mouse, half-starved and thin;
https://wordhistories.net/2017/02/15/poor-church-mouse/
(as) poor as a church mouse 身无分文
这个短语的直译为“像教堂的老鼠一样穷”,因为在教堂是教徒们进行礼拜的地方,十分神圣,教堂里没有可以提供食物的地方,所以说教堂的老鼠是找不到吃的东西,后来被用于形容人非常非常穷,一贫如洗。
https://mp.pdnews.cn/Pc/ArtInfoApi/article?id=15436996
二、阿贝尔遇到的“同行评议”:柯西与高斯的态度
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abel/
It had been Abel's intention to travel with Crelle to Paris and to visit Gauss in Göttingen on the way. However, news got back to Abel that Gauss was not pleased to receive his work on the insolubility of the quintic, so Abel decided that he would be better not to go to Göttingen. It is uncertain why Gauss took this attitude towards Abel's work since he certainly never read it - the paper was found unopened after Gauss's death. Ayoub gives two possible reasons [6]:-
... the first possibility is that Gauss had proved the result himself and was willing to let Abel take the credit. ... The other explanation is that he did not attach very much importance to solvability by radicals...
The second of these explanations does seem the more likely, especially since Gauss had written in his thesis of 1801 that the algebraic solution of an equation was no better than devising a symbol for the root of the equation and then saying that the equation had a root equal to the symbol.
目前尚不清楚高斯为什么对阿贝尔的作品持这种态度,因为他肯定从未读过这篇论文——这篇论文是在高斯去世后被发现未开封的。
The French are much more reserved with strangers than the Germans. It is extremely difficult to gain their intimacy, and I do not dare to urge my pretensions as far as that; finally every beginner had a great deal of difficulty getting noticed here. I have just finished an extensive treatise on a certain class of transcendental functions to present it to the Institute which will be done next Monday. I showed it to Mr Cauchy, but he scarcely deigned to glance at it.
我把它拿给柯西先生看,但他几乎没有屈尊看一眼。
Two referees, Cauchy and Legendre, were appointed to referee the paper and Abel remained in Paris for a few months [14]:-
... emaciated, gloomy, weary and constantly worried. He ... could only afford to eat one meal a day.
After Abel's death his Paris memoir was found by Cauchy in 1830 after much searching. It was printed in 1841 but rather remarkably vanished again and was not found until 1952 when it turned up in Florence.
下面引用的资料里,有其他老师们的汉语表述。
参考资料:
[1] 中国日报网,2020-11-12 15:51,熬夜付款后,如何用英语表达“我很穷”?
https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1683140605396378888&wfr=spider&for=pc
as poor as a church mouse
一贫如洗
[2] 人民号,2020-08-24 12:28:50,Are you a man or a mouse?原来mouse还有这个意思!
https://mp.pdnews.cn/Pc/ArtInfoApi/article?id=15436996
(as) poor as a church mouse 身无分文
这个短语的直译为“像教堂的老鼠一样穷”,因为在教堂是教徒们进行礼拜的地方,十分神圣,教堂里没有可以提供食物的地方,所以说教堂的老鼠是找不到吃的东西,后来被用于形容人非常非常穷,一贫如洗。
[3] 沪江网,as poor as a church mouse是什么意思及用法
as poor as a church mouse
一贫如洗,一文不名,穷到极点,赤贫
poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗
as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗,一文不名,穷到极点,赤贫
as poor as church mouse 一文不名;一贫如洗;穷困不堪的状况 例句: She is going to marry a perfect hog of millionaire for the sake of her fath
A church mouse 一贫如洗,穷困潦倒的人 “A church mouse 教堂里的老鼠”,可不是指富有的教士或教堂的小偷们,它所比喻的人可没那么幸运,因为教堂里没有大鱼大肉,那里的老鼠也没有什么食物可吃。 因此
as poor as a church adv.一贫萮urch mouse adj缦
church mouse 教堂中的老鼠
[4] 新东方在线,2017-05-03 16:10:31,托福词汇:As poor as a church mouse
https://toefl.koolearn.com/20170503/816487.html
As poor as a church mouse
字面理解:像教堂里的老鼠一样贫穷
英文解释:very poor
中文意思:非常贫穷
典故:中世纪的西方教堂里是没有放食物的柜子和储物室的,所以住在那里的老鼠总是挨饿。后来,老鼠就成了“贫穷”的象征。
[5] word histories, Origin of the phrase ‘as poor as a church mouse’
https://wordhistories.net/2017/02/15/poor-church-mouse/
[6] Niels Henrik Abel, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abel/
[7] Augustin Louis Cauchy, , MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cauchy/
[8] Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss, MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gauss/
[9] 范明. 数学天才阿贝尔的生前身后名[J]. 数学文化, 2019, 10(1): 17-26.
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/mc/13062.html
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/articles_list/mc/1510.html
阿贝尔将题为《论一类非常广泛的超越函数的一般性质》的长达65 页的论文呈交法国科学院,引起了椭圆积分理论的奠基人之一、法国数学家勒让德的重视,并推荐给大数学家柯西。勒让德引用古罗马诗人弗拉库斯(Quintus Horatius Flaccus)的话,称该论文是一个“比青铜还不朽的里程碑”,但柯西却将之视为天方夜谭而不予理会,直到阿贝尔死后才有人去科学院将论文找出来,在呈上 15 年之后的 1841 年才得以发表。
[10] 蔡天新. 一对精灵:阿贝尔与伽罗瓦[J]. 数学文化, 2021, 12(1): 3-17.
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/mc/18679.html
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/articles_list/mc/2074.html
高斯在哥廷根自然也收到一份,但他恐怕不会相信,这么一个世界性的难题会被一个名不见经传的来自偏远地区的年轻人用短短几页予以解决。不过,高斯并没有把它扔进废纸篓,而是夹在一叠纸或某两本书之间。在高斯去世以后,有人在整理他的遗物时发现,放置阿贝尔论文的信封并没有被裁开。在这一不幸事件中,蒙受损失的不仅是阿贝尔,也包括整个数学学科。
[11] 邓明立. 阿贝尔——英年早逝的数学奇才[J]. 数学文化, 2014, 5(3): 15-27.
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/article_detail/mc/11738.html
https://www.global-sci.org/intro/articles_list/mc/1417.html
那时的柯西 30 多岁,正是个人的拼搏时代,他不太在乎年轻人的成果。阿贝尔去世很久之后这篇论文才找到并发表出来,柯西说它太难懂,这或许是实话。至于柯西找到这份论文也有插曲,源于雅可比的质询,并引发了挪威政府的抗议:
阿贝尔先生的这个发现(指椭圆函数手稿) 是什么样的发现啊!……有谁看见过同样的东西?这个发现,也许是我们这个世纪最伟大的发现……可你的同事怎么会没注意到它呢?”
[12] 中国科普博览,阿贝尔:过早陨落的数学流星
http://kepu.net.cn/gb/basic/szsx/3/3_19/3_19_1005.htm
1825年,他将自己的论文寄给伟大的高斯,但高傲的高斯以为又是一位哗众取宠的年轻人的闹剧,于是在看都没看一眼的情况下就把阿贝尔的伟大成果抛到了一边。在这一不幸的事件中,受到损失的不单是阿贝尔而且还有整个数学。
1826年,他把自己一生最重要的杰作寄给法国科学院。这一杰作将会开辟研究椭圆函数的广阔领域,但负责审阅这一论文的柯西等人却完全忽略了这一伟大的发现。当它正式发表之时,已是1841年了。
1827年,由于未能找到合适的职位,阿贝尔返回祖国挪威。此后的生活变得更为悲惨。起初他没有找到任何固定的工作,只能以私人授课维持生计,“穷得就象教堂里的老鼠”。1828年他总算在一所大学里担任代课教师,但在这之前经常的贫困和伤心,把他的身体搞垮了。他得了肺结核病。1829年4月6日,他病死了,年仅26岁零八个月。一个极富数学才华的青年就这样不情愿地抛下自己热爱的科学,离开了这个世界。
[13] 搜狐,淮北师大数科院团委,2020-11-19,数学之美 | 微积分先驱XXⅧ 微积分的跨步者阿贝尔
https://www.sohu.com/a/432999679_99921568
阿贝尔把他关于五次方程的小册子寄给哥廷根大学的高斯,想借此作为晋谒高斯的通行证。但不知什么原因高斯根本未看(因为在高斯死后30年,人们发现其遗物中的这本小册子还没有启封),阿贝尔觉得受到冷遇,决心不再见高斯而径自去巴黎。
阿贝尔当时把该论著呈给法国科学院,希望这能引起法国数学家们对他的注意,勒让德和柯西被任命为评审人。但不幸稿件被柯西带回家时,不知放在什么地方了,完全把它忘记了。
生活极其困苦,用他自已的话来说“穷得就象教堂里的老鼠”。
相关链接:
[1] 2023-08-17,[小资料] 阿贝尔奖 The Abel Prize,挪威
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1399417.html
[2] 2022-08-14,[小科普] 我不打算劝柯西:“你还以为自己是高斯啊!”
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1351144.html
[3] 2024-03-12,[Zenas 公理,打听] 马奇诺防线:同行评议能预测未来吗?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1425088.html
[41] 2024-03-09,[Zenas 公理,打听] “全球撤稿量创新高,同行评议制度的弊病藏不住了”
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1424703.html
[5] 2023-02-12,[新闻] “原创三大杀手:同行评议、短期考核、没有时间”被顶刊论文证实
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1375905.html
[6] 2021-12-31,[年终献礼] 建议加强“非同行评议”论文的作用
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1318990.html
[7] 2019-12-02,[随笔] 科技“同行评议”引发美国《大停滞》?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1208480.html
[8] 2015-01-25,“同行评议”正在阻碍科技进步?
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-862706.html
[9] 2021-10-15,[旧闻] 2014年 SCIENCE 杂志:“同行评议根本不能预测研究的成果。这令人非常不安。”
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1308100.html
[10] 2022-01-19,[留念] Zenas 公理(Zenas axiom):10年之后进入SCI
https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1321718.html
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