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从头到尾听完了《罗马帝国衰亡史》。语音分500节,每节10到20分钟不等,平均算15分钟。我用1.5倍速度听的,总共用5000分钟。累计83小时。真是不少时间。重要的结论还核对了英文原著。名篇巨著,一遍肯定不够,至少要听三遍。第二遍不准备从头听了,从100节开始吧。因为换主播前已经听了前面的部分。
该书的内容其实比标题更为广泛。时间是罗马帝国初期到教皇国建立(并不是到君士坦丁堡陷落罗马帝国颠覆就结束),就是1世纪末到16世纪初,覆盖古典时代后期、中世纪和近代初期。地域上不仅是罗马帝国而且有与罗马帝国相关的欧亚非三大洲,包括波斯帝国、匈奴国、哈里发帝国、奥斯曼帝国、俄罗斯公国、蒙古帝国等。这样展现了罗马帝国及其周边历史变迁的全貌。作者在全书最后一段总接该书最主要内容,“长期维护着一个自由共和国的名称和形象的君王们的狡诈策略;军事独裁统治的混乱;基督教各派的兴起和确立;君士坦丁堡的建立;东西罗马帝国的分裂;日耳曼和西绪亚蛮族的入侵与定居;民事法典的制定;穆罕默德的性格及宗教;教皇的世俗统治权;查理大帝西罗马帝国的复兴与衰落;拉丁人在东部的十字军远征;撒拉逊人和土耳其人的征服;希腊帝国的毁灭;罗马在中世纪时期的国家和革命。”这段话的英文我附在后面。第一遍听过之后,巩固一下大的历史发展脉络,如上面所述。同时,也知道些有趣的细节。
我在罗马的断壁残垣前常遐想昔日盛况。作者给出了古建筑损毁的四大原因,时间和自然的损害(the injuries of time and nature),蛮族和基督徒的敌意攻击(the hostile attacks of the Barbarians and Christians),对材料的利用和滥用(the use and abuse of the materials)和罗马人的内部纷争(the domestic quarrels of the Romans)。作者特别指出,最后一点是最主要原因,虽然与第三点有耦合。建筑如此,罗马帝国本身也如此,其衰亡的最主要因素是帝国内部的腐败和分裂,基督教的兴起和蛮族的入侵也加速了罗马帝国的衰亡。这完全在情理之中,如中学要背诵全文的杜牧《阿房宫赋》所谓,“灭六国者,六国也,非秦也;族秦者,秦也,非天下也。”或者同样是中学学过的,“内因是变化的依据,外因是变化的条件,外因通过内容起作用。”
宗教或许是书中所述时代的普世价值。这方面该书描写系统具体,因此该书并非是单纯的政治史或战争史,也是宗教史甚至文化史。伴随着东西罗马帝国的分治,基督教也分裂为天主教和东正教,两者的差别听得有些不得要领。不太理解都是些鸡毛蒜皮的事情,为什么要争得不可开交,甚至在奥斯曼帝国兵临城下时还是如此。总体上作者对基督教看法较为负面。按照作者叙述,在宗教宽容方面,伊斯兰教要远胜于基督教。这或许对阿拉伯世界当时在科学技术领域领先有所贡献。
比较遗憾的是该书对普通人的生活描述较少。这似乎是传统史学的通例,只关注皇帝、国王、主教、将军等,所谓帝王将相。正在读的《罗马元老院与人民:一部古罗马史》可以稍补罗马帝国早期的的情况。
从第100节开始听第二遍,正好是第二卷的目录。其实与换主播前听过的,还是有些重复。
附录:The History of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire最后一段
Of these pilgrims, and of every reader, the attention will be excited by a History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; the greatest, perhaps, and most awful scene in the history of mankind. The various causes and progressive effects are connected with many of the events most interesting in human annals: the artful policy of the Caesars, who long maintained the name and image of a free republic; the disorders of military despotism; the rise, establishment, and sects of Christianity; the foundation of Constantinople; the division of the monarchy; the invasion and settlements of the Barbarians of Germany and Scythia; the institutions of the civil law; the character and religion of Mahomet; the temporal sovereignty of the popes; the restoration and decay of the Western empire of Charlemagne; the crusades of the Latins in the East: the conquests of the Saracens and Turks; the ruin of the Greek empire; the state and revolutions of Rome in the middle age. The historian may applaud the importance and variety of his subject; but while he is conscious of his own imperfections, he must often accuse the deficiency of his materials. It was among the ruins of the Capitol that I first conceived the idea of a work which has amused and exercised near twenty years of my life, and which, however inadequate to my own wishes, I finally delivered to the curiosity and candor of the public.
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