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作者Lisa Clancy,生物学博士,ISE公司全职编辑。
你真的会引用参考文献吗?Google一下,网上有大量的资源能帮助到你。但是大部分都侧重于技术细节,例如使用的最佳参考文献方式或教你如何使用文献管理软件。
然而,如何将参考文献穿插到文章正文中,是否该引用或剔除某篇论文?引用一篇综述还是引用一系列原创性论文?遇到和你的论点相矛盾的论文该如何处理?这些方面大家往往都缺乏指导。ISE这篇博文在一定程度上能帮助到你。
2017年,我和同事在Scientific Reports上发表了一篇名为Dose-dependent behavioural fever responses in desert locusts challenged with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum的论文
(点击阅读原文可获取全文https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32524-w )。我们花了一年多的时间来撰写这篇文章,投稿后,文章被该领域的一位大牛和另一位匿名审稿人进行了同行评审。
今天,我将向读者们介绍论文中每处文献的引用,为什么选择这些参考文献。本次博文还将讨论我们投稿后收到的一些与参考文献相关的审稿意见,以及我们是如何处理它们的。
文章名:Dose-dependent behavioural fever responses in desert locusts challenged with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum
Fever body temperatures are an adaptive response to infection in many species, and they can be achieved by physiological and/or behavioural means such as basking (Hart, 1988; Kluger et al., 1996).
这是一个非常宽泛的陈述,因此我们选择引用一篇经典的的综述(Hart,1988),它已经被引用了1798次(根据Google Scholar,截止到2019年1月7日),以及另一篇比较被认可的综述(Kluger et al ., 1996),其中引用了许多不同物种的关键研究。通过引用这些参考文献,我们不仅引导读者阅读了两篇重要的文献,也为本文的主题展开打下坚实基础,而且我们也向该领域的两位巨头表示了致意,最后向审稿人展示了我们在该领域扎实的基础知识。
Ectotherms rely exclusively on behavioural strategies to achieve fever, and these have been described across a diverse range of taxa including reptiles, amphibians, and insects (Kluger et al., 1996).
当我们开始缩小话题范围时,我们再次引用Kluger et al.(1996)。这是因为,Hart(1998)讨论了许多不同的行为变化对感染的反应,相反地,Kluger et al.(1996)只关注了发热,并列出了不同动物发出指令的关键性研究,如前所述。
Behavioural fever can decrease mortality and morbidity in infected animals (Louis et al., 1986; Carruthers et al., 1992; Blanford and Thomas, 2001; Elliot et al., 2002).
This occurs because high body temperatures are suboptimal for pathogen growth (Inglis et al., 1996; Elliot et al., 2002) [1], and increase the mortality of some pathogens (Carruthers et al., 1992) [2]; high body temperatures also enhance several aspects of host immune function (Ouedraogo et al., 2003; Boltaña et al., 2013). [3]
[1] 这两篇文献都支持这一说法,表明在高温条件下,蚱蜢/蝗虫的霉菌数量减少。有效引用参考文献的一个关键因素是:简明扼要地总结多篇文章的主要发现成果。在这种情况下,简单的声明 “This occurs because high body temperatures are suboptimal for pathogen growth”比列出具体结果好,
例如,“A low prevalence of Beauveria bassiana mycosis was observed in inoculated Melanoplus sanguinipes nymphs exposed to a continuous temperature of 35 and 40°C,whereas continuous exposure to 30°C did not have a significant effect on disease development”。
[3] 在关于这一主题的大多数文章中,Ouedraogo et al. (2003) 的文章被引用来支持这一观点,因为这是第一次在宿主-病原体对发热期间检测先天免疫反应,如血细胞动力学和吞噬作用。
当你经常看到一篇文章被引用时,你很容易将其视为事实。
但是,请始终记住,继续搜索某个领域的文献来寻找新发现。会有新的研究结果支持你的论点,但也可能与你的论点相矛盾。Boltana et al.(2013)强烈支持Ouedraogo et al.(2003)的观点。同样,请注意我们会用简单的方式总结这两篇文章。
BOX 1.编辑部要求处理与参考文献相关的评论和我们的回复。
在我们的原稿(同行评审之前)中,“…and increase the mortality of some pathogens (Carruthers et al., 1992)……”这一条没有包括在内。
然后我们收到了一位审稿人的意见:
“L47-8 – fever may also be lethal to pathogens. If I am not mistaken, this is suggested in studies of Beauveria and E. grylli in locusts, perhaps Serratia too – earlier studies by Keith Charnley and Simon Blanford show clearing of infections I believe.”
正如你所看到的,审稿人似乎是凭记忆提出一个观点,他并不确定论证这一观点的确切文献。经过彻底的文献筛查后,我们相信已经找到了审稿人提到的这项研究,我们的回应如下:
“The idea that high temperatures kill pathogens is certainly true. The best evidence we’ve found that naturally selected temperatures can do this is for the effect of normal thermoregulatory behaviour in grasshoppers on E. grylli. Therefore, we’ve re-phrased our text to include this concept and the supporting reference (L47-51). We are not aware of any evidence for fever clearing infections in the Metarhizium/locust system [hence, we write “…of some pathogens”]
Despite their benefit for fighting infection, fever body temperatures are also costly (Casadevall, 2016).
这也是一个非常宽泛的陈述,并且考虑到它与医学领域相关,我们可以参考引用很多文章。我们之所以选择了Casadevall(2016),因为这是一篇“关于跨越病原体领域主题的简明、实用和具有教育意义上的见解”,极富价值。它总结并结合了迄今为止富有争议的背景。文章的作者是行业内一位杰出的教授,在该领域发表了许多论文并被多次引用。我不是建议你引用一篇基于作者名望的文章;作者自己应该批判性地评估每一篇被引用文章的价值。
Elevated body temperatures have been associated with increased metabolic rate (Muchlinski, 1985; Sherman and Stephens, 1998) [1], reduced growth rates (Boorstein and Ewald, 1987) [2], as well as defects in egg development (Anderson et al., 2013) [3].
[1]在以一个宽泛的陈述开始这一段后,我们紧接着列出支持该陈述的原创性研究论文。你会注意到这些文章相对较旧。然而,它们都从“发热的代价”的角度明确地证实了这一说法,就像我们的文章一样。你可以会说不应引用发表时间超过5 - 6年的文章。
然而,灵活地处理这些规则会更好。例如,在引入某一个主题时,完全可以引用较早的突破性作品,并且这些规则在各个学科领域中不具备普遍性,例如,快速发展的领域(例如医学科学)比缓慢发展的领域(例如数学)具有更高的周转率。
我们在每个特定陈述后直接添加了适当的引用。不建议像下面的这种写作和引用风格:
Elevated body temperatures have been associated with increased metabolic rate, reduced growth rates, as well as defects in egg development (Muchlinski, 1985; Sherman and Stephens, 1998; Boorstein and Ewald, 1987; Anderson et al., 2013).
Furthermore, basking to achieve fever body temperatures confers additional costs in terms of missed feeding and mating opportunities, and increased predation risk (Otti et al., 2012).
These costs accrue quickly as body temperature rises, such that the temperature-fitness curves of healthy animals are often asymmetrical, with fitness declining more steeply with increasing temperature than with decreasing temperature (Martin and Heuy, 2008).
Sick individuals likely face a similar requirement to balance costs and benefits and avoid excessively high fever body temperatures, especially since behavioural fever responses are often unable to fully clear infection (Elliot et al., 2002; Ouedraogo et al., 2004) (but see Carruthers et al., 1992).
In these cases, fever body temperatures might be expected to be modulated according to the severity or type of infection (Gardner and Thomas, 2002).
In support of the adaptive deployment of fever responses, the occurrence and magnitude of behavioural fever are known to vary within and between insect species (Stahlschmidt and Adamo, 2013).
Crickets, Acheta domesticus, elicited behavioural fever responses when infected with thermo-susceptible parasites (e.g. Rickettsiella grylli), but not thermotolerant ones (e.g. Serratia marcescens, and the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea) (Adamo, 1998).
House flies, Musca domestica, infected with a higher dose of the fungus Beauveria bassiana exhibited higher-intensity fever responses than flies infected with a lower dose, putatively limiting fever costs (Anderson et al., 2013).
The physiological fevers of humans may also vary in magnitude according to the severity of infection (Kluger et al., 1996).
Thus, the adaptive deployment of fever may be a widespread phenomenon.
In this study, we investigate whether desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, behavioural fever responses differ in intensity according to the severity of Metarhizium acridum infection.
Metarhizium acridum is a specialist pathogen of locusts and grasshoppers and the basis of commercial biopesticides used for their control (Lomer et al., 2001).
这篇综述(根据Google Scholar,截止到2019年1月15日,它被引用了468次)为读者评估本研究成果的应用提供了资料来源。
Whilst numerous laboratory and field trials have demonstrated the efficacy of these biopesticides, the speed of kill following application is highly variable (see van der Valk, 2007, and references therein).
The prevailing theory is that environmental temperature leads to this variability, by allowing or preventing effective behavioural fever responses (Elliot et al., 2002).
Thus, additional knowledge of locust behavioural fever responses to Metarhizium infection may also help inform the application of biopesticides for locust control.
· 每项陈述至少有一篇论文支持(除目标和最初假设外)。
·需要广泛阅读并严格评估每篇文章,仅仅限于高质量的文章。
·需要开始对每个段落都进行广泛的阅读,然后引用特定的原创性研究论文,缩小观点范围。
·可以适当引用任何与作者观点相矛盾的文章。
·在句子中的每个特定陈述后可以直接放置适当的引用,而不是仅仅组合在一起。
·引用了该领域的所有(过去和现在)大牛文章。
·对于那些宽泛的陈述,选择引用与作者论文最相似的文章。
·在论文提交之前对每个陈述都进行了文献检索,以方便查找最近的文章是否支持/反驳发现成果。
·对于介绍性陈述,简要地将多篇文章的主要发现总结概括为一个连贯的整体。
How to reference (Part 2) 国际科学编辑-ISE很快会为大家推出,敬请期待。
国际科学编辑-ISE提供专业的文章编辑服务。具体可点击: www.iseediting.com
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