弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon, 1561--1626)

---论自然哲学和自然历史

MANPB-10-Francis Bacon (1561--1626)-rev5.pdf

∮1弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon, 1561--1626)论自然哲学和自然历史

 人类的科学研究归根到底属于思想活动及斗争。就现代植物和化石植物的科学研究而言，它们的最根本任务是认识自然和理解自然。

     在中世纪的欧洲，思想的禁锢大大阻碍了科学研究和人文艺术的发展和创新。但是，在中世纪末期，也就是在14世纪意大利率先掀起了文艺复兴运动，开启了一场深刻的思想与文化解放运动，从而有力地推动了现代科学和艺术的全面兴起。

      弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon, 1561--1626)是英国文艺复兴时期的思想家和哲学家。也许我们可以很安全地说，F·培根在人类思想史上属于承前启后的一位哲人。他倡导以质疑态度、通过观察和实验、运用归纳法认识世界。毫无疑问，F·培根的哲学思想和科学思维对现代自然科学的发展产生了巨大推动作用。  

Fig.1. Francis Bacon (1561--1626)

Cited from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon

       F·培根一生著述很多，有些著作是在他1626年去世之后出版的。关于自然哲学和自然历史的论述，参见：

·       The Advancement and Proficience  of  Learning Divine and Human (1605) [George William Kitchin (1827--1912), 1860. F. Bacon. Advancement of Learning. Translated by G.W.K., London]

·       Instauratio Magna ('Great Instauration', 1620)

·       Novum Organum Scientiarum ('New Method', 1620) [Kitchin, G.W., 1855. F. Bacon. The Novum Organon. Translated by G.W.K., Oxford (2 volumes)]

·       Historia Naturalis ('Natural History',1622)

·       Introduction to six Natural Histories (1622)

·     Sylva Sylvarum, or Natural History (1627)[Sylva sylvarum; or, A natural history, in ten centuries. Whereunto is newly added the History natural and experimental of life and death, or of the prolongation of life]

       英国皇家学会院士、卓越的植物形态解剖学家Agnes Roberston Arber FRS (1879--1960)在其晚年的重要著作《植物形态的自然哲学》(The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form )参考和评述了F·培根的一些相关著作。植物形态学的发展肇始于古希腊的“亚里斯多德学派”(Aristotelian School)。F·培根在《自然历史》(Sylva Sylvarum)谈到古希腊学者有关植物和动物的相关性问题。

       F·培根在1620年发表的《新工具》(The Novum Organon)指出--在他生活的时代，自然历史研究几乎没有任何数量信息[“…Nil debitis modis exquisitum, nilverificatum, nil numeratum, nil appensum, nil dimensum in Naturali Historia reperitur”]。F·培根的思想对博物学家们深入开展自然历史研究具有指导意义。

∮2  Brief life choronology of Sir Francis Bacon (1561--1626)

--1561: Francis Bacon was born in London; [Father: Sir Nicholas Bacon (1510--1579); Mother: Anne Cooke (1527 or 1528--1610)]

--Received early education at home because of poor health;

--1573: Entered Trinity College of Cambridge University together with Anthony Bacon (1558–1601); They studied under Archbishop of Canterbury John Whitgift (c.1530--1604);

--1576: Entered Gray's Inn with his brother Anthony;

--1576—1579: Travelled to France, Italy, Spain, etc.;

--1579: Returned to England because of the sudden death of his father;

--1582: Appointed as an outer barrister at Gray's Inn;

--1584: Took a seat in parliament for Dorset;

--1586: Took a seat in parliament for Taunton; Became

a bencher or Master of the Bench;

--1587: Elected reader (originally a senior barrister);

--1588: Became an MP for Liverpool;

--1597: Became an MP for Ipswich;

--1591: Became confidential advisor to the earl of Essex;

--1593: Became an MP for Middlesex;

--1597: Published essays;

--1601: Became an MP for Ipswich;

--1603: Queen Elizabeth died and was succeeded by James I in whose service Bacon flourished greatly;

--1604: Married Alice Barnham, Viscountess St Albans (1592--1650), appointed King’s Counsel and became an MP for Ipswich;

--1607:Named Solicitor General;

--1608: Appointed Clerk of the Star Chamber;

--1613: Appointed Attorney General;

--1614: Became an MP for Cambridge University;

--1616: Madea member of the Privy Council;

--1617: Appointed as the temporary Regent of England; appointed Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his father’s former office);

--1618: Made Lord Chancellor;

--1620: Published Novum Organum;

--1621: Charged of corruption, sentenced and fined;

--1623: Published De Augmentis Scientiarum;

--1624: Published Apothegms;

--1626: Died of pneumonia in Middlesex, England.

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弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon, 1561--1626)论自然哲学和自然历史

Francis Bacon (1561--1626): On natural philosophy and natural history

October 21,2016

相关阅读：

Francis Bacon (1561--1626), a English philosopher, statesman, jurist, orator and writer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon

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