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[飞行控制]Unmanned Aircraft Design, Modeling and Control

已有 4150 次阅读 2013-6-21 12:01 |个人分类:飞行控制|系统分类:科研笔记

Unmanned Aircraft Design,Modelling and Control

Lecture slide和Lecture Note的打印材料,会在每堂课的开始进行distribute。 然后这些Slide会挂载在课程主页上。

Rotary Wing

Part 1: Introduction to Rotorcraft

Helicopter的使用局限于其他concept不适用的场合。但面临着high maintenance costs,和 high power required for flying等多种挑战。但是helicopter有hover的能力,允许它land almost everywhere. 这在rescue mission中,是非常ideal的。The helicopter is probably the most complex flying machine。 A helicopter is a collection of vibration held together by differential equations。

早在1490年,DaVinci提出了helical airscrew。直到1935年,first practical helicopter被制造出来。Helicopter,Gyroplane,和Gyrodyne 分别是三种不同的螺旋桨飞机。在Autogyro上,使用了Forward propeller,air flow是从bottom到top。 而对Tandem rotor(front-rear),(两翼直升机,tandem是串联的意思,fron-rear相对于side-by-side是前后的意思),不需要tail rotor,而是使用contra-rotating.  Roter configuration 主要有两种,Synchropter和 Coaxial。Synchropter 使用了 intermeshed contra-rotating rotors。Torques 不能 cancel perfectly in the horizontal plane。而对coaxial,存在由于unpper-rotor downwash产生的losses,但是拥有compact size。 

对于UAV-MAV size的Helicopter,quadrotor拥有 4 rotor,不需要gearbox,直接驱动。有很好的torque compensation。Coaxial非常的passively stable,也适合于miniaturation。Ducted fan 拥有 fixed rotor,运动的产生通过对surface的控制,这种fan会比较重。Helicopter at UAV size,拥有large rotor, high inertia, slow motor dynamics,保持一个constant rotor speed,通过调节angle of attack而change thrust。 MAV 拥有更小的 rotors,是通过high dynamic brushless DC motors来驱动的,MAV通过调节rotor speed,来改变thrust。

Pressure distribution on surface可以减少为lift force,drage force,moment。对blade(就是螺旋桨的两个刀锋)的每个part,都产生了lift和drag。Aerodynamic可以表示为dFz和dFx,沿着blade进行积分。积分后的Fz产生了thrust和rolling moment R,积分后的Fx产生了drag moment Q和Hub Force H。 Rotational Velocity(旋转速度)随着radius而线性增加。通过twist the blade(扭转blade)来增加thrust。对于 rotor, thrust is perpendicular to tip path plane。Rotor拥有symmetrical profile。Blades由于rotation force和lift force而受 centrifugal force(离心力的意思)的影响。对于Hover,thrust与weight是平衡的。RotorHead主要类型有Hingeless,Teetering,和Fully articulated。Rotor control是由swashplate来实现的。 

Part 2: Dynamic modelling of rotorcraft

对rotorcraft进行dynamic modelling主要有两个方面的原因:第一是system analysis,这个model可以在不同的条件下evaluate未来aricraft的特性和行为,包括stability,controllability。第二是control laws design and simulation,这个模型允许比较various control techniques,并且tune他们的parameter。这样可以获得time和money的双重Gain,相对real test会减少risk of damage。Modelling and simulation are important, but they must be validated in reality。

Dynamic modelling包括whitebox modeling,Blackbox modelling,Greybox modelling三种方式。Whitebox modeling是使用priori information来进行动态建模,Blackbox modeling是使用input和output measurement来deduce dynamics,Greybox modeling是使用尽可能多的a priori information。

这个lecture,我们要model a quadrotor and a coaxial helicopter。其步骤包括定义coordinate system,set the assumption,list all the physical effects acting on the helicopter,express all the physical effects into equation, 并且create the model dynamics。Quadrotor Helicopter包含了four propeller in cross configuration。两个pair(1,3) 和 (2,4), turning in opposite direction。Vertical motions(翻译成垂直上升)是通过simultaneous change in rotor speed来实现。Roll control(翻译成翻转)是通过converse change of rotor speed. 同样,Pitch control(翻译成俯航)也是通过converse change of rotor speed来实现的。  但是,yaw (翻译成偏航)则是通过imbalance the rotor speed between two pair of rotor来实现。Quadrotor的坐标系统,包括两种,一种是earth fixed fram,另外一种是body fixed frame。The information required is the position and orientation of B relative to E at each moment。在Body fixed frame和Earth fixed frame之间可以通过rotation matrix进行转换。Split angular velocity into three basic rotation。第一个是由于change in roll angle产生的的Angle velocity,第二个是由于change in pitch anlge 产生的Angle velocity,第三个是change in yaw angle产生的Angle velocity。在tait-bryan angle和angular velocities之间可以通过一个公式形成relation。主要的modelling assumption是rotor speed是系统的输入,而output是position and attitude。The structure is supposed to be rigid and symmetric。The propeller is supposed to be rigid。而quadrotor geometry包括Arm length和Rotor height两个方面。Arm length是rotor plane和center of geometry之间的距离,Rotor height是center of geometry和rotor plane之间的高度。整个quadrotor都要被看作rigid body。Propeller in hover时候,产生的thrust force is perpendicular to rotor plane。产生的drag moment is around rotor plane。Force沿着z axis,另外其force沿着x axis。使用 Newton-Euler approach可以进行Model Derivation。为了model simplification,quadrotor应该在near hover condition进行考虑。主要的forces和moment来自propeller,但这要依靠flight regime(政体政权,是hover或者translational flight)。当Hover is considered,thrust和drag moment正比于propeller's squared rotational speed。根据Actuator dynamic,rotor component包括BLDC Motor,Gearbox,和 Propeller。对于Open-loop behavior,dynamic system是unstable的。脉冲的输入可以控制motor speed,但是Attitude和Position diverge,需要control loop来pilot the system。

对于Coaxial Helicopter,two rotors are turning in opposite direction。Vertical motion通过rotor speed的simultaneous change来实现。而roll和pitch通过tilt the lower rotor的tip path plane来实现。而Yaw control是通过imbalance the rotor speed来实现的。 

Part 3: Case Study: Modelling of a coax

 

Part 4: Control of rotorcraft

 

Reference

Unmanned Aircraft Design, Modeling and Control

http://www.asl.ethz.ch/education/master/aircraft

 

S. Bouabdallah: Design and control of quadrotors with application to autonomous flying

ftp://80.195.189.123/Iomega_HDD/Downloads/10.1.1.89.5556.pdf


http://www.asl.ethz.ch/education/master/aircraft



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