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科学网上讨论过的问题很多,能够得到共识的却不多。为什么呢?
现代语言学之父索绪尔(Saussure1857-1913)认为:语言是一种抽象的符号系统,一切的符号(sign)有‘能指(Signifier)’和‘所指(Signified)’两部分。能指是符号的语音形象,比如说,语音或文字的“鸡”;所指是符号的意义概念部份,例如词意里的家禽鸡。由兩部份組成的一个整体,称为符号。语言是表达观念的符号系统。能指和所指的关系模式基本是序列性的,它同时在两个序列展开,理解是在这两种序列间的对应关系。能指和所指的结构间对应的总特征是随意性,两者并无必然的符合关系,这种随意性在自组织寻求最小误差下,保证了语言的稳定性和完备性。
我们听到或看到的文章是一个能指的符号串,依靠读者的知识和上下文,把它解释为一个所指的信息流。有头脑的人都能很快地理解文中的意思,了解的含义在上下文中越是流畅,越是自信读懂了文章的内涵。所以网文上一些词改成XX或者什么谐音、缩写,大多不会被误读,都是能指“你懂的”所指的意思。为了让大家加深语言能指所指结构对应灵活性的体会,我将转帖《老外翻译的三字经》,加个序言介绍如下。
泰西友人见华人三字相骂,如歌对唱,韵律甚美。问:“What is that?” 答曰:“三字经”。“What is talking about?” 答:“Sex”。老外憬然有悟,心甚向往之。苦学中文三载,查得大英博物馆珍藏原版,研读之下,字字珠玑,豁然开朗。再四求证。曰:“启蒙之书”。曰:“路人能详”,不觉潸然泪下,谓:“得之矣,得之矣!”遂译中华路人相见诵习大爱之经典。
ZT 老外翻译的三字经(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4b78703b0100ek2r.html?tj=1)
人之初:At the beginning of life.
性本善:Sex is good.
性相近:Basically, all the sex are same.
习相远:But it depends on how you do it.
苟不教:If you do not practice all the time.
性乃迁:Sex will leave you.
教之道:The way of learning it.
贵以专:It is very important to make love with only one person.
昔孟母:Once a great mother, Mrs Meng.
择邻处:Choose her neighbor to avoid bad sex influence.
子不学:If you don't study hard.
断机杼:Your Dick will become useless.
窦燕山:Dou, the Famous.
有义方:Owned a very effective exciting medicine.
教五子:All his five son took it.
名俱扬:And their sexual ability were well-known.
养不教:If your children don't know how to do it.
父之过:It is all your fault.
教不严:If they had lots of problems with it.
师之惰:Their teacher must be too lazy to tell them details on sex.
子不学:You may refuse to study this.
非所宜:But that is a real mistake.
幼不学:If you don't learn it in childhood.
老何为:You will lose your ability when aged.
玉不琢:If you don't exercise your dick.
不成器:It won't become hard and strong.
人不学:If you don't learn sex.
不知义:You can by no means enjoy its sweetness.
也许人们认为这样的解读比较罕见,其实在生活中比比皆是,只是大家不自觉而已。斯洛文尼亚的哲学家齐泽克(Slavoj Zizek 1949- )的演讲中,有个段子是这样的:
丈夫想和老婆做爱,老婆说:“我现在偏头痛”,不能做。这对话里“偏头痛”是能指,“老婆不做爱”是所指。丈夫生气了,第二天老婆想做爱,丈夫说:“我现在偏头痛”,不能做。能指不变,所指是“丈夫不做爱”。后来老婆说:“我现在偏头痛”,想做爱让痛缓解一下。所指变为“老婆要做爱”。最后,老婆说:“我现在偏头痛”,是一起喝杯茶,来败败火。所指成了“老婆要喝茶”。能指转了一圈,所指有了四变。。。
如果你并不只是写文章来发泄,还想和人讨论,你也必须真正用心,才知道对方说的是什么意思。明白了这个道理,你就能理解,网上争论一大堆,其实同一个话题的能指,比如说“转基因”,有人想的是做爱,有人说的是喝茶。
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