本文为挪威北极圈大学（作者：Andreas Albrigtsen）的硕士论文，共134页。

雪崩每年在世界范围内夺走200多人的生命。然而，自从第一个有效的雪崩收发器发明以来，定位受害者的过程基本上没有改变。人类作为定位设备的载体，在崎岖的雪崩废墟上移动时被认为效率低下，并有可能受到二次雪崩的过度风险。

小型无人机（又称无人机）是一种低成本、简单有效的空中平台，可根据所携带的有效载荷执行多种功能，无人机技术正在兴起。因此，本论文希望评估无人机的能力是否可以被利用，为雪崩搜救工作提供有价值的贡献——如果可以的话——将会出现什么挑战来阻碍这种应用。通过深入的文献综述，对雪崩搜救技术、无人机平台和传感器技术的现状进行了研究，建立了理论参考框架。该框架是评估如何改善雪崩中当前搜索和救援努力的基础，以及当前无人机和传感器技术所具备的能力，以及如何最好地应用无人机来满足救援组织的需要而不危及救援人员。无人机在搜救领域的研究尚处于起步阶段，因此研究和知识积累有限。因此，参加2016年TromsøReCAMP研讨会对于信息交流至关重要。特罗姆瑟红十字会被认为是上述无人机应用领域的先驱，在确定无人机用于搜索和救援的最新技术时，他们的合作是必要的。

本文确定和讨论的主要挑战分为不利气象条件和技术挑战两类。对于可用于雪崩搜救的小型无人机平台而言，降水、极冷、风和黑暗等天气条件被认为是最具挑战性的。最突出的技术挑战与自主程度、避免碰撞、传感器系统和无人机发电的发展程度有关。此外，还确定了在遵守条例以及在人力资源和组织方面的一些挑战，但这些挑战对实施来说不那么不稳定。无人机平台被认为是一个足够的载体，足以搭载电子搜索设备如RECCO和雪崩收发机，但其他传感器系统仍需进一步发展。电池的能量密度已经有限，再加上寒冷的工作环境，在救援过程中可能会出现问题，但足以进行初步测试。此外，据证实，无人机尚不能取代有人驾驶的直升机，但仍可能是救援行动的独特和宝贵资源。另据查明，以目前的技术和救援资源组织实施无人机，极不可能使雪崩灾民受益，主要原因是部署时间过长。

Snow avalanches claim in excess of 200 lives annually on a worldwide basis. However, since the invention of the first effective avalanche transceiver, the process of locating victims has remained fundamentally unchanged. Humans as a carrier for locating devices are perceived to be inefficient when moving over rugged avalanche debris, and potentially exposed to excessive risk from secondary avalanches. The technology of small unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as UAVs, are currently on the up rise as they are a low-cost, simple and effective aerial platform, which can perform a multitude of functions depending on the payload they carry. Therefore, this thesis wants to evaluate if the capabilities of UAVs could be exploited to provide valuable contributions in snow avalanche search and rescue efforts – and if so – what challenges would arise, opposing this application. Through a thorough literature review, state-of-the-art for avalanche search and rescue, UAV platforms and sensor technology is investigated to establish a theoretical frame of reference. This framework is the foundation for evaluating how to improve the current search and rescue efforts in avalanches, what capabilities current UAV and sensor technology has, and how to best apply UAVs to satisfy the needs of a rescue organization without endangering the rescuers. The subject of UAVs in search and rescue is still in its initial stages, and the amount of research and knowledge is therefore limited. Because of this the attendance of the ReCAMP workshop, Tromsø 2016, was essential with respect to the exchange of information. Tromsø Red Cross is considered pioneers on the aforementioned application of UAVs, and their collaboration was a necessity when establishing the state-of-the-art of UAV use for search and rescue purposes. The main challenges identified and discussed in this thesis is under the categories of adverse meteorological conditions and technological challenges. Weather conditions such as precipitation, extreme cold, wind and darkness are believed to prove the most challenging for the small type of UAV platforms which could be applicable for avalanche search and rescue. The most prominent technological challenges were in relation to degree of autonomy, collision avoidance, somewhat underdeveloped sensor systems and power plant of the UAV. There were also identified some challenges regarding compliance to regulations and in relation to human and organization, however these were less precarious for the implementation. The UAV platform was identified to be a sufficient carrier for electronic search devices such as RECCO and avalanche transceiver, however other sensor systems still needs to be developed further. The already limited energy density of batteries and the combination with a cold operating environment could cause problems during a rescue, but can be sufficient for preliminary testing. Furthermore, it was established that UAVs are not yet capable of replacing manned helicopters, but could still be a unique and valuable asset to a rescue operation. It was also identified that the implementation of UAVs with the current technology and organization of rescue resources, is highly unlikely to benefit avalanche victims, primarily due to excessive deployment times. There were identified some hazards due to implementation of UAVs, none of which were believed to pose and excessive risk, especially when considering the expected benefit for the rescuers as it provides them with an alternative in dangerous situations.

1.       引言

2. 参考理论框架

3. 本文的研究方法

4. 讨论与结果

5. 结论

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