饮酒对大脑的损害到底有多大？

从何说起？

   昨天，在我们的公众号软文中，我们向大家列举了吸烟对大脑的危害，我想大家应该不会再接触香烟了吧！除了吸烟之外，日常生活中避免不了的就是饮酒，那我们今天就来分析一下饮酒对脑结构和功能的损害的这个问题。

饮酒损害大脑的结构

1. 饮酒降低大脑皮层厚度；

参考文献：

Analysis of alcohol use disorders from the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Sample: Correlation of brain cortical thickness with neuroticism.

Alcohol use is associated with thinner cerebral cortex and larger ventricles in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and healthy controls.

2. 长期饮酒可能会增加海马区的癫痫样放电波；

参考文献：

Long-term alcohol exposure elicits hippocampal nonsynaptic epileptiform activity changes associated with expression and functional changes in NKCC1, KCC2 co-transporters and Na-ATPase.

3. 青年人饮酒和大脑灰质体积的减少相关；

参考文献：

Alcohol consumption during adolescence is associated with reduced grey matter volumes.

4. 饮酒依赖能够减少海马体积；

参考文献：

Volume of hippocampal subfields in patients with alcohol  dependence.

5. 饮酒能够抑制胎儿大脑神经细胞的增殖；

参考文献：

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Affects Progenitor Cell Numbers in Olfactory Bulbs and Dentate Gyrus of Vervet Monkeys.

6. 饮酒和脑萎缩显著相关；

参考文献：

Homocysteine, Liver Function Derangement and Brain Atrophy in Alcoholics.

Surface-Based Parameters of Brain Imaging in Male Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder.

7. 过度饮酒和蛛网膜下腔出血显著相关；

参考文献：

Alcohol consumption and risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage: A meta-analysis of 14 observational studies.

8. 饮酒能够改变大脑皮层的基因表达；

参考文献：

Reprogramming of mPFC transcriptome and function in alcohol dependence.

9. 饮酒能够引起神经变性和胶质细胞激活；

参考文献：

Ethanol-Induced Neurodegeneration and Glial Activation in the Developing Brain.

10. 大量饮酒增加中风风险；

参考文献：

Differing association of alcohol consumption with different stroke types: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

饮酒对大脑功能的损害

1. 长期饮酒者大脑静息态脑功能网络存在异常；

参考文献：

Alterations of Resting State Functional Network Connectivity in the Brain of Nicotine and Alcohol Users.  

2. 饮酒能够引起认知功能损害；

参考文献：

Alcohol-related cognitive impairment: current trends and future perspectives.

Alcohol-Related Dementia and Neurocognitive Impairment: A Review Study.

3. 青少年饮酒会长久的影响他们将来的应激反应；

参考文献：

Exposure to alcohol during adolescence exerts long-term effects on stress response and the adultbrain stress circuits.

4. 酒精依赖会影响决策过程中的选择过程；

参考文献：

Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Reduced Updating of Alternative Options in Alcohol-Dependent Patients during Flexible Decision-Making.

5. 胎儿酒精暴露影响大脑发育，损害大脑认知功能；

参考文献：

Functional connectivity abnormalities and associated cognitive deficits in fetal alcohol Spectrum disorders (FASD).

Neurobehavioral Disorder Associated With Prenatal Alcohol  Exposure.

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Alters Functional Connectivity in the Adult Rat Brain.

6. 饮酒引起大脑中炎症反应的发生；

参考文献：

Gender differences in the inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profiles induced by binge ethanoldrinking in adolescence.

7. 青少年饮酒显著的影响其神经生物学行为；

参考文献：

Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Persistently Impacts Adult Neurobiology and Behavior.

8. 酒精可能会增加大鼠对疼痛的敏感性；

参考文献：

Ethanol Increases Mechanical Pain Sensitivity in Rats via Activation of GABAA Receptors in Medial Prefrontal Cortex.

9. 饮酒可能会损害情感调节能力——情商；

参考文献：

The relationship between emotion regulation capacity, heart rate variability, and quality of life in individuals with alcohol-related brain damage.

10. 饮酒容易让人冲动，这与大脑结构和网络损害有关；

参考文献：

Alterations in Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity in Alcohol Dependent Patients and Possible Association with Impulsivity.

但是也有例外

1. 饮酒者患老年性痴呆症的概率小；

参考文献：

Association between alcohol and Alzheimer's disease.

Risk of dementia and alcohol and wine consumption: a review of recent results.

2. 中毒饮酒可能帮助老年人对抗毒性蛋白的损害；

参考文献：

Association between alcohol and Alzheimer's disease.

3. 小、中等量的饮酒和脑缺血发作呈负相关；

参考文献：

Moderate alcohol intake is linked to lower risk of ischaemic stroke, study finds.

Differing association of alcohol consumption with different stroke types: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

主要评价

   我们发现，酒精也许并不是总是扮演反面角色。虽然饮酒的确会造成大脑结构和功能的异常，但是饮酒似乎能够减少脑中风和老年性痴呆症的发生。更多的研究需要确认饮酒和痴呆、缺血型中风之间的关系。

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