一般文献把中文归入logographic,强调文字图形;少量文献则将中文归入ideographic,强调意念图形。借用John DeFrancis的叫法,Yueh-Nu Hung将中文归入morphosyllabic,形音双收[4],但“意”则没有体现,“音”也不见得准确。另一位作者,Shaomei Wang,将中文归入graphomorphemic,“形”这一个概念不但成双成对[5],音同意却看不出来。中文汉字的一个特点是“形意”结合紧密,“音意”结合松散[6],用ideographic似乎最佳,有意有形,而“形音”则成了“秀才不识字,见字读半边”,经常读错[7] 。这些同字母文字主要是“形音意”三者紧密结合又是一个大相径庭。比如,一定要让字母文字的使用者从“囚”中看出a prisoner的含义来,还真不容易。而略知英文者,即使不知道prisoner为何意,不但“音”可以读出来,不会轻易把它看成是pri-soner将pri-看作一个成分,至少还能猜出A prisoner is a person or thing related to a prison.。而读到“囚”字不但“见字绝对不知音”,还很可能认为既然“人入口中”,难道是“吞人下肚”乃至“生吃活人”?或者,“人在框中”,莫非“宅男”?不过,这样的特点还是有助于认识中文的,即西文字母文字“见字读音难猜意”,也就是不一定知道意思却能发出读出音来,而中文方块字就成了“见形猜意不知音” ,形在眼前,意思可以猜出大概,读音却无从知道。
2.字母文字使用者眼中的中文
曾经在澳大利亚大使馆任职的Daniel Kane[8]自1967年便在墨尔本大学学习中文,他对学习中文提出很多了非常中肯的建议同认识。中文的405个音节如果都算上声调只有约1,200个音节,有资料显示为1,239个[9] ,因为有些音节并非所有四声都包括,但是四声却是很难掌握的 ,不但模仿难,记住也难 。不仅如此,中文及汉语还经常“言不由衷”,“答非所问”,乃至“王顾左右而言他” ,就是单个的汉字也经常“一字多义” 。更有甚者,很多在外国流行的所谓“中国箴言”,根本就不是来源于中文的 。另外,学习中文所需要的时间,如果用法文等印欧语言作比较的话,若要达到同等水平级别,则要花五倍的时间 。即使这样,学汉语而不学中文还是达不到“登堂入室”的,因为汉语中文的特点是“言之无文,行而不远” 。而若是希望达到能读懂文字则需要学到2,400个汉字 ,汉字音节数的两倍。在学习这2,400个汉字期间,要尽快排除汉语拼音 ,就像在学习英文时最好少用或不用音标一样。这时候阅读中文了,特别是课本外的阅读,就不要在页边上用汉语拼音注音 。即使学会了那2,400个汉字,要达到真正叫作学会汉语,则日常词汇量也需要达到10,000至12,000左右 ,每个汉字平均出现五次。因此,只要开始学习汉语且需要学会,那就成了The learning of Chinese is a life sentence. ,穷其一生,不可停也。即使这样,五倍的时间,2,400个符号,还要附加一套汉语拼音,也就是这2,400个符号平均两个同音,还要掌握10,000至12,000个单词,平均五个同音,这,也不见得能学好汉语。
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投稿注释
本篇为‘学好一语,用好一文A Speech Well Done, Friends We All Won’系列之一。
[1] [I]nappropriate or erroneous adaptation of
Indo-European language concepts to the study of Chinese. p. xii
[2] [T]he calligraphy does not add legibility or
make the characters more readable. p. 7
[3] [W]e had subjects who could read and understand
English print but lacked sufficient control of oral English to discuss what
they read in English, although they could discuss what they read in their first
language. p. 8
[4] [T]here is no direct sound-spelling
correspondence in written Chinese. p. 197
[5]
English alphabetic writing makes it easier for its readers to sound out words
they do not understand, but Chinese writing makes it easier for its readers to
understand words they cannot pronounce. p. 29
[6] there
are only 1,239 syllables (410 if one discounts tonal changes), p. 35
[7] Chinese tones are the budbear of every
learner’s life. p. 150
[8] They [tones] are hard to imitate and hard to
remember. p. 28
[9] [W]ords do not always mean what they appear
to mean if taken literally. p. 157
[10] [A] character often has so many “meanings.”
p. 34
[11] Most of the “Chinese proverbs” most commonly
quoted in the West, such as “May you live in interesting times,” are not
Chinese proverbs at all. p. 172
[12] Chinese took five times longer to reach a
certain level of competence than say, French or other western European
languages. p. 19
[13] [Y]ou can get to a certain level of
competence in spoken Chinese without learning the written language, but you
cannot get much beyond that level of competence. p. 25
[14] To cover 99% of a text, you will need just
2,400 characters. p. 54
[15] [Y]ou should try to wean yourself off pinyin as your familiarity with
characters increases. p. 58 [italics
original]
[16] There is no point scribbling … the
pronunciation in pinyin in the
margins of a text you are reading. p. 58 [italics
original]
[17] As in other languages, most native speakers
would use about 10,000-12,000 words for everyday use. p. 67
[18] p. 77
[19] The
indirectness of the connection between Chinese script and its pronunciation, p.
136
[20] No
alphabetic script, based perforce on the sounds of a language, could now be so
conveniently neutral in terms of all the different Chinese dialects, unless
perhaps it were designed on historical principles with a knowledge of all
varieties of Chinese. p. 157
[21] It was
into the north that the invaders came, and the Chinese spoken in the north went
on to become the standard language for the country. p. 144
[22] Usually
building on existing simple Chinese words but combining them in new ways. p.
159
[23] To
attempt always to keep them under domestic control. p. 159
[24] China
remains Chinese. p. 170
[25] With
their neighbours so in awe of them, it must have been hard for the Chinese to
see their superiority as anything but a universal, objective fact. p. 163
[26] The
syllabus was almost entirely literary, p. 169
[27] To
unseat the central government. p. 171….It
also leads us to the current Chinese response to the challenge from the Western
world. Bizarrely, but revealingly, China is again adopting this traditional
strategy. p. 171….偷梁换柱 p. 171
[28] [W]ords do not always mean what they appear
to mean if taken literally. p. 157