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Principles of Instructional Design
Fourth Edition
Rober M.Gagne
Leslie J.Briggs
Walter W.Wager
pages 281-
group instruction
for learners of whatever sort,the attempt is usually made in group instruction to ensure that each instructional event is as effective as possible in supporting learning by all members of the group
两人小组一般用于tutoring
三到八人小组一般用于discussion
15人或以上大组一般用于lecture
characteristics of group instruction
patterns of interaction in isntructional groups
the size of an instrctional group is an important determinant of the environment in which learning occurs
variations in instructional events
any or all of the events of instrcution may be expected to vary with group size,both in their form and in their feasibility of use
diagnosing entry capabilities of students
entry capabilities of students may be assessed at the beginning of a course of study or at the start of a semester or school year
student capabilities may be assessed in a finer sense,and weaknesses or gaps diagnosed just prior to the beginning of each new topic of a course
simple tests or probes can be administrated to students to reveal specific gaps in enabling skills
instruction in the two person group
instructional groups of two persons consist of one student and one instructor or tutor(一对一?)
events of instruction in tutoring
flexible adjustment of instructional events
some of the main features
1.gaining attention
immediate adjustments of the stimulation necessary to bring about attention can be made if the student's attention wanders
2.informing the learner of the objective
repeating the objective in different terms or by demonstrating an instance of the performance expected when the learning is completed
3.stimulating recall of prerequisite learnings
4.presenting the stimulus materials
the tutor can give emphasis to lesson components by changes in oral delivery,by pointing,by drawing a picture,and in many other ways
5.providing learning guidance
6.eliciting the performance
7.providing feedback
the learner can be told,with a high degree of accuracy,what is right or wrong with his performance and given directions that permit correction of errors or inadequacies
8.assessing the performance
不同时间段
多次重复
9.enabling retention and transfer
the flow of insturction in tutoring
it is evident that the two person instructional group permits maximal control of instructional events by the tutor
isntruction in the small group
events of instruction in small groups
procedures of diagnosis may have been used to select the members of a group for small group instruction
by suitbale questioning of each student in turn,the teacher is able to judge with a fair degree of accuracy that the necessary enabling skills are present in all students
gaining attention关注到每一个人
informing the learner of the objective.the teacher can express the objective of the lesson and ensure that it is understood by each member of the group
stimulating recall of prerequisite learning.轮流提问学生,the teacher is able to fairly sure that necessary enabling skills and relevant items of supportive information are accessible in the working memories of all students
presenting the stimulus materials,以合适的方法出示学习材料,but without necessarily being tailored to individual student characteristics
providing learning guidance
present a communication to the group or to members of the group in turn
eliciting the performance.eliciting each student's performance is to do it one by one
providing feedback
assessing the performance
enhacing retention and transfer
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