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苦苣苔科植物旋朔苣苔简介
旋朔苣苔(Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R. Br.)属苦苣苔科旋蒴苣苔属的一种多年生矮小草本。又名猫耳朵(《中国高等植物图鉴》及《秦岭植物志》),牛耳草(《植物名实图考》)等俗名。
旋朔苣苔属多年生草本。叶全部基生,莲座状,无柄,近圆形至卵形,长1.8-7厘米,宽1.2-5.5厘米,叶背面被白色长柔毛,下面被白色或淡褐色贴伏长绒毛,顶端圆形,边缘具牙齿或波状浅齿,叶脉不明显。花葶2-5条,聚伞花序状,花葶高6-18厘米;花萼钟状,五深裂,裂片全缘。花冠淡蓝紫色,二唇形,上唇2裂,下唇3裂。雄蕊2,退化雄蕊3,极小。雌蕊不伸出花冠外,子房卵状长圆形,花柱无毛,柱头1,头状。蒴果长圆形,螺旋状卷曲。花期7-8月,果期9月。
据《全国中草药汇编(2014)》记载旋朔苣苔的全草作药用称牛耳朵,其性味苦,平。具散瘀止血,清热解毒,化痰止咳之功效。
据《中国植物志》记载,苦苣苔科植物分布于于亚洲东部和南部、非洲、欧洲南部、大洋洲、南美洲及墨西哥的热带至温带地区。国内分布中心是云南、广西和广东等省区的热带及亚热带丘陵地带,多生于石灰岩山陡崖,而且具有阴湿的岩壁上。只有两种植物越过秦岭向较高纬度的地区分布,旋朔苣苔就是其中之一,最远可以分布到河北北部和辽宁西南部。笔者认为旋朔苣苔的这种分布对研究苦苣苔科的进化及科内属间进化关系,及其与中国气候特别是降水的变化的关系,以及研究苦苣苔科种群生物多样性等诸多问题都具有重要科学意义。
Boea hygrometrica (Bunge) R. Br.(Gesneriaceae)
Dwarf perennial herbs. All basal leaves. Corolla pale blue – purple. bilabiate dehiscence ;The capsule oblong and spirals.
All grass is used as traditional Chinese medicine.
Gesneriaceae is a tropical to temperate region of eastern and southern Asia, Africa, southern Europe, Oceania, South America and Mexico. The center of distribution in China is the tropical and subtropical wet steep rock areas of Yunnan Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. Only two species of plants are distributed across the Qinling Mountains to higher latitudes, one of which is Boea hygrometrica.
It is suggested that this distribution of Gesneriaceae can be used to study the evolution of the family Cesneridae and the relationship between the evolution of the genus Kone and the changes of climate, especially precipitation in China. It is of great scientific significance to study the biodiversity of the family Gesneriaceae. ( Photo produced and introduced by LI Zhi-xuan)
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