|||
第8次课
压缩打包
压缩
压缩成.gz 文件gzip命令
[root@localhost /]#mkdir guohuiqiang
[root@localhost /]# ls
aming.log etc lost+found proc sbin strong[root@localhost var
bin guohuiqiang media pub selinux sys
boot home mnt public srv tmp
dev lib opt root strong usr
[root@localhost /]# cdguohuiqiang
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cp -p /etc/passwd /
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cp -p /etc/passwd .
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
passwd
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cp -p /etc/fstab .
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cp -p /etc/inittab .
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
fstab inittab passwd
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# gzip fstab
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
fstab.gz inittab passwd(后缀是.gz文件)
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# gunzip fstab
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
fstab inittab passwd
bzip2命令
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# bzip2 inittab
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
fstab inittab.bz2 passwd(后缀是.bz2)
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# bunzip2 inittab.bz2
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
fstab inittab passwd
最好的压缩方式.zip压缩,可以在windows上解压
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# zip passwd.zip passwd
adding: passwd (deflated 59%)
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
fstab inittab passwd passwd.zip(原文件还在)
zip可以压缩目录,前面两个命令bzip2和gzip不能压缩目录
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# mkdir guo
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cd guo.
-bash: cd: guo.: Nosuch file or directory
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cd guo/
[root@localhostguo]# cp ../* .(copy上一级目录的所有内容到当前目录)
cp: omitting directory `../guo'
[root@localhost guo]#ls
aming.log fstab inittab passwd passwd.zip
[root@localhost guo]#cd ..
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
aming.log fstab guo inittab passwd passwd.zip
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# zip guo.zip guo
adding: guo/ (stored 0%)
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
aming.log fstab guo guo.zip inittab passwd passwd.zip
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# zip -r guo.zip guo(zip压缩目录需要加–r的参数)
updating: guo/ (stored0%)
adding: guo/inittab (deflated 47%)
adding: guo/fstab (deflated 54%)
adding: guo/aming.log (stored 0%)
adding: guo/passwd (deflated 59%)
adding: guo/passwd.zip (stored 0%)
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
aming.log fstab guo guo.zip inittab passwd passwd.zip
[root@localhost guo]#ls
aming.log fstab inittab passwd passwd.zip
[root@localhost guo]#rm -rf *
[root@localhost guo]#ls
[root@localhost guo]#mv ../passwd.zip .
[root@localhost guo]#ls
passwd.zip
[root@localhostguo]# unzip passwd.zip (解压缩)
Archive: passwd.zip
inflating: passwd
[root@localhost guo]#ls
passwd passwd.zip
打包命令tar
[root@localhostguo]# ls
passwd passwd.zip
[root@localhost guo]# tar -cvf guo.tar passwd passwd.zip
(cvf中 c-create,v是过程, f-file,文件)
passwd
passwd.zip
[root@localhostguo]# ls
guo.tar passwd passwd.zip
[root@localhost guo]# tar -tvf guo.tar
-rw-r--r--root/root 1469 2015-07-30 19:27passwd
-rw-r--r--root/root 762 2015-08-06 05:58passwd.zip
即压缩又打包,tar只能和gzip和bzip2配合,不能和zip配合。
[root@localhost guohuiqiang]# tar -zcvfgzip-hezuo.tar.gz fatab inittab guo passwd tar: fatab: Cannot stat: No suchfile or directory
inittab
guo/
guo/passwd
guo/passwd.zip
guo/guo.tar
passwd
tar:Exiting with failure status due to previous errors
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# ls
aming.log fstab guo guo.zip gzip-hezuo.tar.gz inittab passwd
[root@localhost guohuiqiang]# tar -zxvf gzip-hezuo.tar.gz -C /opt/(-C 指定压缩路径)
inittab
guo/
guo/passwd
guo/passwd.zip
guo/guo.tar
passwd
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cd /opt/
[root@localhostopt]# ls
guo inittab passwd rh
系统启动流程 如果系统启动出现了问题,知道系统启动到了那里出现了错误。
第一步:开电源,先启动bios(基本输入输出系统),加电自检,会检测显卡,内存,cpu,
第二步:会寻找启动磁盘,有启动级别,从硬盘启动,
第三步:寻找第一个启动扇区,住引导记录,就是MBR
MBR有512字节,有3部分组成:
1. 引导程序 446字节
2. 分区表 64字节每16个字节是一个分区表,最多是4个分区
3. 校验码 2 字节
[root@localhost guohuiqiang]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/mbr bs=1 count=512
512+0records in
512+0records out
512bytes (512 B) copied, 0.00474296 s, 108 kB/s
[root@localhost guohuiqiang]# hexdump -C /mbr(查看mbr的命令)
00000000 eb 48 90 10 8e d0 bc 00 b0 b8 00 00 8e d8 8e c0 |.H..............|
00000010 fb be 00 7c bf 00 06 b9 00 02 f3 a4 ea 21 06 00 |...|.........!..|
00000020 00 be be 07 38 04 75 0b 83 c6 10 81 fe fe 07 75 |....8.u........u|
00000030 f3 eb 16 b4 02 b0 01 bb 00 7c b2 80 8a 74 03 02 |.........|...t..|
00000040 80 00 00 80 ea 89 04 00 00 08 fa 90 90 f6 c2 80 |................|
00000050 75 02 b2 80 ea 59 7c 00 00 31 c0 8e d8 8e d0 bc |u....Y|..1......|
00000060 00 20 fb a0 40 7c 3c ff 74 02 88 c2 52 f6 c2 80 |. ..@|<.t...R...|
00000070 74 54 b4 41 bb aa 55 cd 13 5a 52 72 49 81 fb 55 |tT.A..U..ZRrI..U|
00000080 aa 75 43 a0 41 7c 84 c0 75 05 83 e1 01 74 37 66 |.uC.A|..u....t7f|
00000090 8b 4c 10 be 05 7c c6 44 ff 01 66 8b 1e 44 7c c7 |.L...|.D..f..D|.|
000000a0 04 10 00 c7 44 02 01 00 66 89 5c 08 c7 44 06 00 |....D...f...D..|
000000b0 70 66 31 c0 89 44 04 66 89 44 0c b4 42 cd 13 72 |pf1..D.f.D..B..r|
000000c0 05 bb 00 70 eb 7d b4 08 cd 13 73 0a f6 c2 80 0f |...p.}....s.....|
000000d0 84 f0 00 e9 8d 00 be 05 7c c6 44 ff 00 66 31 c0 |........|.D..f1.|
000000e0 88 f0 40 66 89 44 04 31 d2 88 ca c1 e2 02 88 e8 |..@f.D.1........|
000000f0 88 f4 40 89 44 08 31 c0 88 d0 c0 e8 02 66 89 04 |..@.D.1......f..|
00000100 66 a1 44 7c 66 31 d2 66 f7 34 88 54 0a 66 31 d2 |f.D|f1.f.4.T.f1.|
00000110 66 f7 74 04 88 54 0b 89 44 0c 3b 44 08 7d 3c 8a |f.t..T..D.;D.}<.|
00000120 54 0d c0 e2 06 8a 4c 0a fe c1 08 d1 8a 6c 0c 5a |T.....L......l.Z|
00000130 8a 74 0b bb 00 70 8e c3 31 db b8 01 02 cd 13 72 |.t...p..1......r|
00000140 2a 8c c3 8e 06 48 7c 60 1e b9 00 01 8e db 31 f6 |*....H|`......1.|
00000150 31 ff fc f3 a5 1f 61 ff 26 42 7c be 7f 7d e8 40 |1.....a.&B|..}.@|
00000160 00 eb 0e be 84 7d e8 38 00 eb 06 be 8e 7d e8 30 |.....}.8.....}.0|
00000170 00 be 93 7d e8 2a 00 eb fe 47 52 55 42 20 00 47 |...}.*...GRUB .G|
00000180 65 6f 6d 00 48 61 72 64 20 44 69 73 6b 00 52 65 |eom.Hard Disk.Re|
00000190 61 64 00 20 45 72 72 6f 72 00 bb 01 00 b4 0e cd |ad. Error.......|
000001a0 10 ac 3c 00 75 f4 c3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |..<.u...........|
000001b0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 2c 2a 08 00 00 00 80 20 |........,*..... |
000001c0 21 00 83 5e 38 26 00 08 00 00 00 60 09 00 00 5e |!..^8&.....`...^|
000001d0 39 26 83 fe ff ff 00 68 09 00 00 98 37 02 00 fe |9&.....h....7...|
000001e0 ff ff 82 fe ff ff 00 00 41 02 00 00 3f 00 00 00 |........A...?...|
000001f0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55aa |..............U.|
00000200 (校验码55 aa)
内核肯定会大于446字节,小程序(boot loader)加载内核
Lilo 和Grub, grub基本取代了lilo
在/boot 下面有个grub的文件夹
[root@localhostguohuiqiang]# cd /boot
[root@localhostboot]# ls
aming_soft grub symvers-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.gz
config-2.6.32-431.el6.i686 initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.img System.map-2.6.32-431.el6.i686
efi lost+found vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.i686
[root@localhostboot]# ll
total22051
lrwxrwxrwx.1 root root 9 Aug 4 18:26 aming_soft -> aming.log
-rw-r--r--.1 root root 109953 Nov 21 2013 config-2.6.32-431.el6.i686
drwxr-xr-x.3 root root 1024 Jul 30 05:17 efi
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 1024 Jul 29 21:25 grub
-rw-------.1 root root 16269122 Jul 30 05:25 initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.img
drwx------.2 root root 12288 Jul 30 05:10lost+found
-rw-r--r--.1 root root 190104 Nov 21 2013 symvers-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.gz
-rw-r--r--.1 root root 1982877 Nov 21 2013 System.map-2.6.32-431.el6.i686
-rwxr-xr-x.1 root root 4002656 Nov 21 2013 vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.i686
[root@localhost boot]# cd grub
[root@localhost grub]# ls
device.map grub.conf minix_stage1_5 stage2
e2fs_stage1_5 iso9660_stage1_5 reiserfs_stage1_5 ufs2_stage1_5
fat_stage1_5 jfs_stage1_5 splash.xpm.gz vstafs_stage1_5
ffs_stage1_5 menu.lst stage1 xfs_stage1_5
最主要的是stage1,然后由stage1加载stage1_5,然后加载stage2
另一个文件grub.conf 是grub的配置文件,立即修改,立即生效,不用重启电脑
(lilo需要重启电脑)
-rw-------.1 root root 763 Jul 30 05:22 grub.conf
查看grub文件
[root@localhost grub]# vim grub.conf
grub.confgenerated by anaconda
#
#Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
#NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths arerelative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version roroot=/dev/sda2
# initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.32-431.el6.i686)
root(hd0,0)(hd0 代表第一块硬盘,0是第一个分区)
kernel (相对路径,在boot/grub下面)/vmlinuz-2.6.32-431.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=7a8b8919-2614-4e67-ba15-63dc72549cc6rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM.UTF-8 rd_NO_MD SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16crashkernel=auto KEYBOARDTYPE=pcKEYTABLE=us rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-431.el6.i686.img(静态驱动)
[root@localhostgrub]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2 18G 2.7G 14G 16% /
tmpfs 504M 72K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 291M 33M 244M 12% /boot (boot分区,第一快硬盘的第一个分区)
初始化,执行/etc/inittab文件
#Default runlevel. The runlevels used are:
# 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
# 1 - Single user mode
# 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3,if you do not have networking)
# 3 - Full multiuser mode
# 4 - unused
# 5 - X11
# 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
#
id:5:initdefault:(默认值是5)
[root@localhostgrub]# cd /etc
[root@localhostetc]# ls
abrt fprintd.conf my.cnf rpc
acpi fstab nanorc rpm
adjtime gai.conf NetworkManager rsyslog.conf
aliases gconf networks rsyslog.d
aliases.db gcrypt nsswitch.conf rwtab
alsa gdm ntp rwtab.d
alternatives ghostscript ntp.conf samba
anacrontab gnome-vfs-2.0 obex-data-server sane.d
asound.conf gnupg openldap sasl2
at.deny group opt scl
audisp group- PackageKit securetty
audit grub.conf pam.d security
avahi gshadow pango selinux
bash_completion.d gshadow- passwd services
bashrc gtk-2.0 passwd- sestatus.conf
blkid hal passwd.OLD setuptool.d
bluetooth host.conf pbm2ppa.conf sgml
bonobo-activation hosts pcmcia shadow
centos-release hosts.allow pinforc shadow-
chkconfig.d hosts.deny pkcs11 shells
ConsoleKit hp pki skel
cron.d httpd plymouth smartd.conf
cron.daily init pm snmp
cron.deny init.d pm-utils-hd-apm-restore.conf sos.conf
cron.hourly inittab pnm2ppa.conf sound
cron.monthly inputrc polkit-1 ssh
crontab iproute2 popt.d ssl
cron.weekly issue portreserve statetab
crypttab issue.net postfix statetab.d
csh.cshrc kdump-adv-conf ppp sudo.conf
csh.login kdump.conf prelink.cache sudoers
cups krb5.conf prelink.conf sudoers.d
dbus-1 ld.so.cache prelink.conf.d sudo-ldap.conf
default ld.so.conf printcap sysconfig
depmod.d ld.so.conf.d profile sysctl.conf
dhcp libaudit.conf profile.d system-release
DIR_COLORS libreport protocols system-release-cpe
DIR_COLORS.256color libuser.conf pulse terminfo
DIR_COLORS.lightbgcolor localtime quotagrpadmins tpvmlp.conf
dnsmasq.conf login.defs quotatab udev
dnsmasq.d logrotate.conf rc updatedb.conf
dracut.conf logrotate.d rc0.d vimrc
dracut.conf.d lvm rc1.d virc
drirc magic rc2.d vmware-tools
enscript.cfg mailcap rc3.d warnquota.conf
environment mail.rc rc4.d wgetrc
ethers makedev.d rc5.d wpa_supplicant
event.d man.config rc6.d X11
exports mime.types rc.d xdg
favicon.png mke2fs.conf rc.local xinetd.d
festival modprobe.d rc.sysinit xml
filesystems motd readahead.conf yum
fonts mtab redhat-release yum.conf
foomatic mtools.conf resolv.conf yum.repos.d
[root@localhost etc]# ls rc5.d(非常关键)
K01smartd K75quota_nld S12rsyslog S50bluetooth
K05wdaemon K84wpa_supplicant S13cpuspeed S55sshd
K10psacct K87restorecond S13irqbalance S57vmware-tools-thinprint
K10saslauthd K89rdisc S15mdmonitor S70spice-vdagentd
K15htcacheclean K99rngd S20kdump S80postfix
K15httpd S01sysstat S22messagebus S82abrt-ccpp
K50dnsmasq S02lvm2-monitor S23NetworkManager S82abrtd
K50netconsole S03vmware-tools S25blk-availability S90crond
K50snmpd S08ip6tables S25cups S95atd
K50snmptrapd S08iptables S25netfs S99firstboot
K73winbind S10network S26acpid S99local
K74ntpd S11auditd S26haldaemon
K75ntpdate S11portreserve S26udev-post
[root@localhost etc]# vim rc.sysinit
[root@localhost etc]# vim rc.local 系统初始化的时候最后加载的一个配置文件
系统登录:会执行四个文件,决定了家用户的一些信息,和环境变量
Vim /etc/bashrc
Vim /etc/profile
Vim /root/,bash_profile
Vim /root/.bashrc (环境变量),将其删除,无法登陆。
查看系统启动级别:
[root@localhostetc]# runlevel
N5
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