一、母质PARENT MATERIAL

母质指可通过成土过程形成土体、或多或少化学风化的未固结矿物质或有机质。

parent material.—The unconsolidated and more or less chemically weathered mineral or organic matter from which a soil’s solum is developed by pedogenic processes.

1 风成沉积物（非火山产生的）EOLIAN DEPOSITS (nonvolcanic)

风成沉积物eolian deposit

风积沙eolian sands

黄土loess

钙质黄土loess, calcareous

非钙质黄土loess, noncalcareous

风成黏土parna

2 冰川和冰缘沉积物GLACIAL and PERIGLACIAL DEPOSITS

冻融扰动土状物质cryoturbate

更新世冰川沉积物drift

冰河沉积物glaciofluvial deposit

冰湖沉积物glaciolacustrine deposit

冰海沉积物glaciomarine deposit

冰水沉积物outwash

冻融蠕流沉积物solifluction deposit

冰上泥石流supraglacial debris-flow

冰碛till

消融碛till, ablation

底碛till, basal

流碛till, flow

滞碛till, lodgment

融出碛till, melt-out

冰下碛till, subglacial

冰上碛till, supraglacial

冰上融出碛till, supraglacial meltout

3 原地沉积物（未经搬运）IN-PLACE DEPOSITS (nontransported)

铝矾土bauxite

花岗岩类崩解碎屑grus

残积物residuum

半风化体saprolite 

4 块体移动沉积物MASS MOVEMENT DEPOSITS

4.1其他块体移动沉积物MISCELLANEOUS MASS MOVEMENT DEPOSITS

塌积物colluvium

坡面碎石scree

滑塌块体slump block

倒石堆talus

4.2块体移动沉积物(不限于滑坡)MASS MOVEMENT DEPOSIT (Unspecified Landslide)

4.3复合滑坡沉积物COMPLEX LANDSLIDE DEPOSITS

4.4坠落沉积物FALL DEPOSITS

泥石坠落沉积debris fall deposit

岩石坠落沉积物rock fall deposit

泥土坠落沉积物soil fall deposit (=earth fall)

4.5流动沉积物FLOW DEPOSITS

土流沉积物earthflow deposit

蠕变沉积物creep deposit

泥流沉积物mudflow deposit

砂流沉积物sand flow deposit

冻融蠕流沉积物solifluction deposit

泥石崩落沉积物debris avalanche deposit

泥石流沉积物debris flow deposit

泥石滑动沉积debris slide deposit

火山泥流lahar

岩石崩落沉积物rockfall avalanche deposit

4.6滑动沉积物SLIDE DEPOSITS

泥石滑动沉积物debris slide deposit

旋转下滑沉积物Rotational Slide deposit

泥石旋转下滑沉积物rotational debris slide deposit

泥土旋转下滑沉积物rotational earth slide deposit

岩石旋转下滑沉积物rotational rock slide deposit  

直移下滑沉积物Translational Slide deposit

泥石直移下滑沉积物translational debris slide deposits

泥土直移下滑沉积物translational earth slide deposit

岩石直移下滑沉积物translational rock slide deposit

块体滑移沉积物block glide deposit

4.7横向滑动沉积物SPREAD DEPOSITS (=lateral spread)

泥石横向滑动沉积物debris spread deposit

泥土横向滑动沉积物earth spread deposit

岩石横向滑动沉积物rock spread deposit

4.8倾倒沉积物TOPPLE DEPOSITS

泥石倾倒沉积物debris topple deposit

泥土倾倒沉积物earth topple (=soil topple) deposit

岩石倾倒沉积物rock topple deposit

5 其他沉积物MISCELLANEOUS DEPOSITS

混杂沉积物diamicton

土石膏gypsite

褐铁矿limonite

6有机沉积物ORGANIC DEPOSITS

粪成物质coprogenic materials

硅藻土diatomaceous earth

灰泥marl

海岸灰泥marl, coastal

淡水灰泥marl, freshwater

有机物质organic materials

草质有机物质organic, grassy materials

草本有机物质organic, herbaceous materials

苔藓有机物质organic, mossy materials

木质有机物质organic, woody materials

7 火山沉积物（未固结；风成和整体运动）VOLCANIC DEPOSITS (unconsolidated; eolian and mass movement)

火山灰（<2mm）ash, volcanic (<2 mm)

酸性火山灰ash, acidic

安山质火山灰ash, andesitic

玄武质火山灰ash, basaltic

基性火山灰ash, basic

火山灰流ash flow (pyroclastic)

火山弹（>64mm）bombs, volcanic (>64mm)

火山渣（2-64mm）cinders (2-64 mm)

火山泥流（火山碎屑泥流）lahar deposit (volcaniclastic mudflow)

火山砾（2-64mm，>2.0 sg）lapilli (2-64 mm, >2.0 sg)

浮石（<1.0 sg）pumice (<1.0 sg) 

火山碎屑流pyroclastic flow

火山碎屑涌浪pyroclastic surge

多孔火山碎屑物 (>2.0 sg)scoria (>2.0 sg) 

火山碎屑（所有喷出物）tephra (all ejecta)

8 水成（或搬运）沉积物WATERLAID (or TRANSPORTED) DEPOSITS

冲积物alluvium

洪泛区沉积物backswamp deposit

海滩沙beach sand

粪成物质coprogenic materials

硅藻土diatomaceous earth

河口沉积物estuarine deposit

河海沉积物fluviomarine deposit

绿沙greensands

湖积物lacustrine deposit

泻湖沉积物lagoonal deposits

海洋沉积物marine deposit

灰泥marl

海岸灰泥marl, coastal

淡水灰泥marl, freshwater

漫滩沉积物overbank deposit

坡脚沉积层pedisediment

斜坡冲积物slope alluvium

谷侧沉积物valley side alluvium

9 人为沉积物ANTHROPOGENIC DEPOSITS

煤矿弃土coal extraction mine spoil

疏浚弃土dredge spoils

人为搬运物质human-transported materials

金属矿山弃土metal ore extraction mine spoil

矿山弃土或填土mine spoil or earthy fill

在土壤调查过程中，母质除了记录其种类，还要记录其质地等级和起源。

二、基岩BEDROCK

基岩—土壤和其他未固结物质下方或暴露于地表的固体岩石的总称。

bedrock.—A general term for the solid rock that underlies the soil and other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at the surface.

1 火成岩—侵入岩IGNEOUS—INTRUSIVE

斜长岩anorthosite

辉绿岩diabase

闪长岩diorite

辉长岩gabbro

花岗岩granite

花岗岩类granitoid

花岗闪长岩granodiorite

二长岩monzonite

橄榄岩peridotite

辉石岩pyroxenite

石英闪长岩quartz-diorite

石英二长岩quartz-monzonite

正长岩syenite

正长闪长岩syenodiorite

英云闪长岩tonalite

超镁铁质岩ultramafic rock

2 火成岩—喷出岩IGNEOUS—EXTRUSIVE

aa熔岩aa lava

安山岩andesite

玄武岩basalt

块状熔岩block lava

英安岩dacite

安粗岩latite

黑曜岩obsidian

帕霍霍熔岩pahoehoe lava

枕状熔岩pillow lava

浮岩（流动，连贯）pumice (flow, coherent)  

流纹岩rhyolite

多孔火山碎屑物scoria (coherent mass)

玄武玻璃tachylite

粗面岩trachyte

3 火成岩—火山碎屑岩IGNEOUS—PYROCLASTIC

熔结凝灰岩ignimbrite

火山碎屑（固结）pyroclastics (consolidated)

火山碎屑流pyroclastic flow

火山碎屑涌浪pyroclastic surge

凝灰岩tuff

酸性凝灰岩tuff, acidic

基性凝灰岩tuff, basic

熔结凝灰岩tuff, welded

凝灰角砾岩tuff breccia

火山角砾岩volcanic breccia

酸性火山角砾岩volcanic breccia, acidic

基性火山角砾岩volcanic breccia, basic

火山砂岩volcanic sandstone

4 变质岩METAMORPHIC

角闪岩amphibolite

片麻岩gneiss

黑云母片麻岩gneiss, biotite

花岗闪长片麻岩gneiss, granodiorite

角闪石片麻岩gneiss, hornblende

混合片麻岩gneiss, migmatitic

白云母黑云母片麻岩gneiss, muscovite-biotite

花岗变晶岩granofels

麻粒岩granulite

绿岩greenstone

角岩hornfels

大理岩marble

变质砾岩meta-conglomerate

变质石英岩metaquartzite

变质沉积岩metasedimentary rocks 

变质粉砂岩metasiltstone

变质火山岩metavolcanics

云母mica

云母片岩mica schist

混合岩migmatite

糜棱岩mylonite

千枚岩phyllite

片岩schist

黑云母片岩schist, biotite

石墨片岩schist, graphitic

白云母片岩schist, muscovite

绢云母片岩schist, sericite

蛇纹岩serpentinite

泥质粉砂岩siltite

板岩slate

硫化物板岩slate, sulfidic

皂石（滑石）soapstone (talc)

5 沉积岩—碎屑岩SEDIMENTARY—CLASTICS

砂屑岩arenite

泥质岩argillite

长石砂岩arkose

非火山岩角砾岩（角状碎屑）breccia, nonvolcanic (angular fragments)

酸性非火山角砾岩breccia, nonvolcanic, acidic

基性非火山角砾岩breccia, nonvolcanic, basic

粘土岩claystone

砾岩（磨圆碎屑）conglomerate (rounded fragments)

钙质砾岩conglomerate, calcareous

扇砾岩fanglomerate

海绿石砂岩glauconitic sandstone

杂砂岩graywacke

泥岩mudstone

正石英岩ortho-quartzite

瓷状岩porcellanite

砂岩sandstone

钙质砂岩sandstone, calcareous

页岩shale

酸性页岩shale, acid

钙质页岩shale, calcareous

泥质页岩shale, clayey

粉砂岩siltstone

钙质粉砂岩siltstone, calcareous

6 沉积岩—蒸发岩,有机物和沉淀物SEDIMENTARY—EVAPORITES, ORGANICS, AND PRECIPITATES

铝矾土bauxite

白垩chalk

燧石chert

煤炭coal

硅藻土diatomite

白云岩dolomite (dolostone)

褐煤lignite

灰岩limestone

砂质灰岩limestone, arenaceous

泥质灰岩limestone, argillaceous

燧石灰岩limestone, cherty

珊瑚灰岩limestone, coral

磷灰岩limestone, phosphatic

褐铁矿limonite

均密石英岩novaculite

硬石膏岩rock anhydrite

石膏岩rock gypsum

石盐岩rock halite

结晶灰华travertine

硅质岩tripoli

石灰华tufa

7 互层（不同沉积岩性的交替层）INTERBEDDED (alternating layers of different sedimentary lithologies)

石灰岩-砂岩页岩limestone-sandstone shale

石灰岩-砂岩limestone-sandstone

石灰岩-页岩limestone-shale

石灰岩-粉砂岩limestone-siltstone

砂岩-页岩sandstone-shale

砂岩-粉砂岩sandstone-siltstone

页岩-粉砂岩shale-siltstone

在土壤调查过程中，基岩除了记录其种类，还要记录其垂直节理之间的水平间距、基岩的硬度和风化等级，以及连续基岩距地表的深度。另外，未固结物质（风化层）和基岩都要记录其地层单位。