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地 震 地 热 说 应 用
火山成因之6——印尼和菲律宾的火山研究
Seisman
印尼和菲律宾的研究区位于太平洋与印度洋结合部(15°S~15°N,90°~133°E)。
印尼和菲律宾的基础资料见图1~图4和表1。
图1是研究区的三维立体图像,包含1963年至2011年6月10日M≥4.0的地震。图2是研究区内全确定喷发参数的火山平面分布图像,图3是全新世及以前喷发过但未能确定参数的火山平面分布,图4是本文研究区的海底地貌图像。
由资料图可见,研究区内包括印尼、菲律宾、安达曼和马尼拉等4个地震地幔柱,深度可达676km。其中,菲律宾和安达曼地震地幔柱是树型构造,马尼拉地震地幔柱是双树型构造,研究区内只有极少部分,印尼地震地幔柱由班达海、爪哇、苏门答腊岛等3-4个单树型构造复合而成。印尼地震地幔柱树型构造的根部偏北,树冠偏南,菲律宾地震地幔柱树型构造的根部偏西,树冠偏东,与GPS结果所表现的地球表面的半球性运动相吻合。东半球地表呈顺时针旋转,地表相当于深部自然存在由西而东、由北而南的运动趋势。
印尼和菲律宾地震地幔柱在50~250km深度层存在着熔岩囊。火山分布表面上看似乎与岛弧和海沟有关,但实际上主要受熔岩囊的控制,紧密伴随在熔岩囊及其周边。
图2中实心三角形为1900年以来喷发的火山,空心三角形为1900年以前大约10000年内喷发过的火山,合称为全新世火山。
图2和图3相比较,可看出至少自全新世以来印尼和菲律宾2个地震地幔柱都是稳定存在的。与意大利相仿的是,印尼地震地幔柱西端的苏门答腊岛似乎有萎缩的迹象,而东端的爪哇岛、班达海,以及菲律宾和马尼拉的火山活动似乎有增强的趋势。
当然,也不排除火山资料的完整度对这些结果的影响。火山要靠科学家们一个一个地去人工鉴定,自然包括很多不确定的因素。
我要为GVP的科学家们感到骄傲。他们靠着辛勤地劳作和大胆地探索,为我们提供了大量精美的图片,详细的文字记载,以及仪器观测数据和图表。我看到每一个火山的资料都几乎爱不释手。
顺便提到一点。在地震研究中,人们将印尼和菲律宾从班达海与苏禄海之间分开,分别划入环太平洋地震带和欧亚地震带,似乎很不合理。火山专家们则不这样做。他们将缅甸以东的亚洲部分全划入太平洋火山带(ring of fire)。中国的火山专家刘嘉麒曾经指出,中国云南腾冲的火山与昆仑山或天山的火山类型是不同的(刘嘉麒,1999)。作者在《全球地震、火山与地幔柱的比较研究》一文中曾提出泛太平洋地震带的划分,与火山专家们的划分是一致的。
本文所采用的地震资料取自http://www.ncedc.org/ 网页的ANSS地震目录,火山资料取自http://www.volcano.si.edu/网页的GVP火山月报,谨此致谢。
(2011.6.16 初稿)
图1 印尼和菲律宾地震活动的立体三维图像
图2 印尼和菲律宾全新世喷发过的火山
图3 印尼和菲律宾全新世及以前喷发过但未能确定参数的火山
图4 印尼和菲律宾周边的海底地貌
(节自地矿所情报组《海底地貌概述》中所给出的太平洋海底地貌图,原载中国地质科学研究院地质矿产所
《地质矿产研究》1974年第一期(总第一期),内部刊物)
表1 印尼和菲律宾全新世喷发过的火山记录
Volcano |
Location |
Coordinate |
Last Known Eruption |
Max VEI |
Andaman Is |
12.278°N 93.858°E |
2010 Sep 17 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
4.914°N 96.329°E |
2000 Dec 25 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
4.769°N 96.821°E |
1937 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
3.17°N 98.392°E |
2010 Aug 27 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
0.686°N 99.539°E |
1996 May 5 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
0.079°N 99.98°E |
1937 Sep 8 |
1 | |
Sumatra |
0.381°S 100.473°E |
2004 Aug 5 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
0.433°S 100.317°E |
1924 Apr |
1 | |
Sumatra |
0.978°S 100.679°E |
2007 Nov 27 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
1.697°S 101.264°E |
2009 Apr 1 (?) |
2 | |
Sumatra |
2.414°S 101.728°E |
1921 May 23 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
3.52°S 102.62°E |
2000 Aug 22 (?) |
2 | |
Sumatra |
4.03°S 103.13°E |
2009 Jan 1 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
4.43°S 103.67°E |
1940 Apr |
1 | |
Sumatra |
4.83°S 103.92°E |
1903 Dec 9 |
| |
Sumatra |
5.25°S 104.27°E |
1933 Jul 10 |
4 | |
Indonesia |
6.102°S 105.423°E |
2010 Oct 25 (?) 1883 May 20 |
3 6 | |
Western Java |
6.75°S 106.70°E |
1939 Apr 6 (on or before) |
1 | |
Western Java |
6.72°S 106.73°E |
1938 Jan 31 ± 5 days |
2 | |
Western Java |
6.78°S 106.98°E |
1957 Mar 13 |
3 | |
Western Java |
6.77°S 107.60°E |
1985 Nov 15 |
2 | |
Western Java |
7.32°S 107.73°E |
2002 Nov 11 |
3 | |
Western Java |
7.25°S 108.058°E |
1984 Jan 9 1822 Oct 8 |
4 5 | |
Western Java |
6.892°S 108.40°E |
1951 Mar 1 |
3 | |
Central Java |
7.242°S 109.208°E |
2009 Apr 21 |
2 | |
Central Java |
7.20°S * 109.92°E |
2009 Sep 27 1375 ± 75 years |
2 3^ | |
Central Java |
7.30°S 109.992°E |
1971 Oct 29 |
2 | |
Central Java |
7.542°S 110.442°E |
2010 Oct 26 |
4 | |
Eastern Java |
7.93°S 112.308°E |
2007 Oct (?) 1586 |
4 5? | |
Eastern Java |
7.725°S 112.58°E |
1991 Sep 13 |
2 | |
Eastern Java |
8.108°S 112.92°E |
1967 Aug 31 |
3 | |
Eastern Java |
7.942°S 112.95°E |
2010 Nov 26 |
3 | |
Eastern Java |
7.979°S 113.342°E |
1953 Apr 4 1877 Apr 24 (?) |
2 3? | |
Eastern Java |
8.125°S 114.042°E |
2008 Jun 12 1817 Jan 16 1593 |
3 4? 5? | |
Eastern Java |
8.058°S 114.242°E |
2002 Jul 29 |
2 | |
Bali |
8.242°S 115.375°E |
1999 Mar 15 |
2 | |
Bali |
8.342°S 115.508°E |
1963 Feb 18 |
5 | |
Lombok Island |
8.42°S 116.47°E |
2009 May 2 1994 Jun 3 |
2 3? | |
Sumbawa Island |
8.25°S 118.00°E |
1967 ± 20 years 1812 |
2 7 | |
Lesser Sunda Islands |
8.20°S 119.07°E |
2009 May 1 1512 |
3 3^ | |
Flores Island |
8.62°S 120.52°E |
1991 Mar (on or before) |
3 | |
Flores Island |
8.73°S 120.98°E |
2001 Jan 11 |
2 | |
Flores Island |
8.82°S 121.18°E |
1969 Feb 27 |
2 | |
Flores Island |
8.897°S 121.645°E |
1971 Jun 1671 (?) |
3 3^ | |
Flores Island |
8.77°S 121.82°E |
1968 Jun 3 |
2 | |
Lesser Sunda Islands |
8.32°S 121.708°E |
1985 Feb 3 |
3 | |
Flores Island |
8.67°S 122.45°E |
2008 Apr 15 |
2 | |
Flores Island |
8.542°S 122.775°E |
2003 May 30 1675 ± 25 years |
3 3^ | |
Flores Island |
8.358°S 122.842°E |
2003 Jun 26 |
3 | |
Adonara Island |
8.342°S 123.258°E |
1993 Jun (?) |
2 | |
Lomblen Island |
8.272°S 123.505°E |
1951 Dec 15 1660 |
2 3^ | |
Lomblen Island |
8.53°S 123.57°E |
1999 May 22 1870 |
2 3 | |
Komba Island |
7.792°S 123.579°E |
2007 Jan 17 (?) |
2 | |
Pantar Island |
8.508°S 124.13°E |
1970 |
2 | |
Banda Sea |
6.62°S 124.22°E |
1927 Mar 1 ± 30 days |
2 | |
Banda Sea |
6.60°S 124.675°E |
1927 Mar 1 ± 30 days |
2 | |
Banda Sea |
6.92°S 129.125°E |
1904 Jun 3 1660 Feb |
2 4? | |
Banda Sea |
6.73°S 129.50°E |
1968 May 7 |
2 | |
Banda Sea |
6.30°S 130.00°E |
1921 Sep 18 1693 Jun 4 |
2 4? | |
Banda Sea |
4.525°S 129.871°E |
1988 May 9 1690 |
3? 3^ | |
Sulawesi |
0.17°S 121.608°E |
1983 Jul 18 |
4 | |
Sulawesi |
1.108°N 124.73°E |
2008 Jun 6 1450 ± 10 years |
3 3^ | |
Sulawesi |
1.358°N 124.792°E |
2003 Sep 12 1375 ± 25 years |
3 3^ | |
Sulawesi |
1.358°N 124.858°E |
1977 Nov 16 |
2 | |
Sangihe Is |
2.30°N 125.37°E |
2002 Sep 25 |
4? | |
Siau I |
2.78°N 125.40°E |
2010 Aug 6 1675 |
3 3^ | |
Sangihe Is |
3.138°N 125.491°E |
1968 Sep 5 1918 Jul 18 |
0 3 | |
Sangihe Is |
3.67°N 125.50°E |
2004 Jun 2 (on or before) 1966 Aug 12 |
2 4 | |
Sangihe Is |
3.97°N 124.17°E |
1955 Feb 13 |
0 | |
Halmahera |
1.68°N 127.88°E |
1933 Aug 13 |
3 | |
Halmahera |
1.488°N 127.63°E |
2008 Apr 5 |
2 | |
Halmahera |
1.38°N 127.53°E |
2007 Jul 8 1673 May 20 |
2 5? | |
Halmahera |
0.80°N 127.33°E |
2008 May 10 1538 |
3 3^ | |
Halmahera |
0.32°N 127.40°E |
1988 Jul 29 1861 Dec 28 |
3 4? | |
Mindanao |
6.37°N125.07°E |
1911 Mar 7 |
| |
Mindanao |
7.70°N124.50°E |
1916 Jul |
2 | |
Camiguin I |
9.203°N124.673°E |
1948 Sep 1 |
3 | |
Negros I |
10.412°N123.132°E |
2006 Jun 3 |
2 | |
Biliran I |
11.523°N124.535°E |
1939 Sep 26 |
1? | |
Luzon |
12.770°N124.05°E |
2010 Nov 6 |
3 | |
Luzon |
13.257°N123.685°E |
2009 Sep 15 2001 Jan 8 1897 May 23 (on or before) 1814 Feb 1 |
2 3 4? 4 | |
Luzon |
14.07°N121.48°E |
1909 |
| |
Luzon |
4.002°N120.993°E |
1977 Oct 3 1965 Sep 28 3580 BC ± 200 years |
2 4 6 | |
Luzon |
15.13°N120.35°E |
1993 Feb 991 Apr 2 |
1 6 | |
East of Vietnam |
10.158°N109.014°E |
1923 Mar 2 |
2 | |
East of Vietnam |
9.83°N109.05°E |
1928 |
0 | |
Sumatra |
5.448°N 95.658°E |
1839 Jan 12 |
2 | |
Sumatra |
3.23°N 98.52°E |
1881 |
| |
Western Java (Indonesia) |
7.143°S 107.840°E |
1887 |
3 | |
Western Java (Indonesia) |
7.12°S 108.08°E |
1861 May |
| |
Central Java |
7.384°S 110.070°E |
1730 (?) |
1 | |
Central Java |
7.45°S 110.43°E |
1797 |
2 | |
Central Java |
6.62°S 110.88°E |
160 BC ± 300 years |
| |
Central Java |
7.625°S 111.192°E |
1885 Nov 28 |
1 | |
Central Java |
7.808°S 111.758°E |
1641 |
| |
Eastern Java |
7.62°S 112.63°E |
200 AD (?) |
| |
Eastern Java |
7.97°S 113.57°E |
1597 |
| |
Flores Island (Indonesia) |
8.875°S 120.95°E |
8050 BC (?) |
| |
Banda Sea |
6.642°S 126.65°E |
1699 1512 |
3^ 3^ | |
Damar Island (Indonesia) |
7.125°S 128.675°E |
1892 Jun 3 |
2 | |
Sulawesi |
0.75°N 124.42°E |
1845 ± 5 years |
| |
Sulawesi |
1.13°N 124.758°E |
1819 |
| |
Sulawesi |
1.52°N 125.20°E |
1880 1683 1680 |
2 3^ 5? | |
Halmahera |
0.45°N 127.40°E |
1774 (in or before) |
| |
Sulu Is |
6.013°N *121.057°E |
1897 Sep 21 |
0 | |
Mindanao |
6.113°N124.892°E |
1640 Dec 26 ± 5 days |
5? | |
Mindanao |
7.382°N126.047°E |
120 AD ± 100 years |
| |
Mindanao |
7.647°N124.32°E |
1882 |
2 | |
Mindanao |
7.877°N125.068°E |
1886 Dec 31 ± 365 days |
2 | |
Leyte I |
10.287°N125.221°E |
1820 ± 30 years |
| |
Leyte I |
10.896°N124.87°E |
1895 |
| |
Luzon |
13.457°N123.457°E |
1628 |
| |
Luzon |
14.12°N *121.30°E |
1350 ± 100 years |
| |
Luzon |
14.52°N120.47°E |
2050 BC (?) |
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